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Alternative medicine

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is classified as an alternative-medicine practice and has been studied across a range of health concerns. Its research addresses both symptom-focused questions and broader forms of health support, rather than one single purpose.

Acupuncture is an alternative medicine practice.

Overview

Acupuncture is classified as an alternative-medicine practice and has been studied across a range of health concerns. Its research addresses both symptom-focused questions and broader forms of health support, rather than one single purpose. The overall picture is not uniform: support differs depending on the outcome or condition being considered, so evidence for one use should not be treated as evidence for all uses. In that sense, Acupuncture is a well-studied practice, but its research does not establish one settled conclusion that applies across its full range of proposed uses.

Well researched: 166 studies. Last checked Oct 9, 2026.

46
human evidence
48
eligible
6
unclassified
3
animal / null result

Best-evidenced uses

1 of 4 flagged interactions are serious or life-threatening·5 variations documented

EvidenceStrong
166
Studies

Evidence checked Oct 9, 2026 · newest study 2026

Study designs:Meta-analysis101Systematic review62RCT1Narrative review2
Study grades:
A
8
B
130
C
23
D
5

336 community reports across 5 platforms

View sources

Coverage

Effects
50
Helps with
53
Side effects
34
Interactions
9
1 high-risk
How to read the evidence

Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound

  • StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
  • ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
  • PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
  • LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
  • InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.

Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real

  • Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
  • HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
  • MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
  • LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
  • Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence

Source — where the data comes from

  • Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
  • RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
  • ClinicalA human clinical study
  • Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
  • Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
  • Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
  • TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested

Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)

  • AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
  • BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
  • CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
  • DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only

Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding

A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement

Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.

Interacts with some medications and supplements — worth checking before combining.See interactions

These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.

What does research say?

What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.

50 claims:18 some evidence6 mixed22 not enough evidence2 not tested in people2 no benefit found

  • Sleep Quality ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    24 of 25 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 1.5 weeks, typically 5.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 2,025 people found Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores fell by 2.74 points. The studies included people with varied conditions, including insomnia, depression, and pregnancy.

    Open the Sleep Quality Improvement page
  • Cognitive Function ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 10 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 5 weeks, typically 9.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found MoCA scores improved by 2.80 points among 262 people. The studies covered conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.

    Open the Cognitive Function Improvement page
  • Inflammation ReductionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 12 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 1.2 weeks, typically 3.

    Open the Inflammation Reduction page
  • Migraine ReliefSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 2,295 people found migraine duration was 4.36 h shorter with acupuncture than with sham acupuncture. Another analysis found a small reduction in migraine days compared with sham acupuncture.

    Open the Migraine Relief page
  • Female Hormonal Balance SupportSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    7 of 8 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 2 weeks, typically 8.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 3,500 people found the LH/FSH ratio fell by 0.49. A separate analysis of 264 people reported higher serum estradiol levels.

    Open the Female Hormonal Balance Support page
  • Digestion ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 1.2 weeks, typically 3.

    A review of randomized trials involving 766 people found acupuncture reduced functional dyspepsia symptom scores by 14.46 points on the 195-point NDSI. Another pooled analysis found time to first flatus was 11.57 hours shorter in studies of people with cancer.

    Open the Digestion Improvement page
  • Allergy Symptom ReliefSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it typically ran 5 weeks.

    Open the Allergy Symptom Relief page
  • Weight Management SupportSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 15 weeks, typically 17.

    Pooled randomized trials found lower BMI with acupuncture; one analysis of 3,500 people reported a mean difference of -2.6 kg/m². The studies included people with obesity and PCOS.

    Open the Weight Management Support page

Only reported by users, not studied: Chronic Pain Reduction, Emotional Regulation Improvement, Physical Energy Increase, and Muscle Recovery Acceleration.

What to expect

Acupuncture’s reported benefits were measured over programmes rather than after a single session. Trials finding them ran from 0.4 weeks at the earliest, with typical programmes lasting 3 to 7 weeks depending on the outcome; these are measurement periods, not guaranteed times to benefit. Reported side effects occurred during programmes lasting 3 to 17 weeks.

Also studied in people with 53 health conditions

How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.

  • PerimenopauseGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2025 network meta-analysis of 36 randomized trials ranked routine acupuncture combined with auricular acupuncture highest for improving PSQI scores. A separate meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials reported improvement in PSQI and other outcomes compared with Western sedatives.

    Open the Perimenopause page
  • Back PainGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A review pooling 11 randomized trials found reductions in VAS pain and ODI scores. In people with chronic nonspecific low back pain, pooled analyses also found pain and disability benefits when acupuncture was combined with core stability training.

    Open the Back Pain page
  • InsomniaGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials found improvements in clinical efficacy and scores on PSQI and TCMSS. A separate network meta-analysis ranked routine acupuncture combined with auricular acupuncture highest for improving PSQI scores.

    Open the Insomnia page
  • Parkinson's DiseaseGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A network meta-analysis of 77 randomized trials reported improvements in anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life with various acupuncture interventions. A separate analysis of 10 randomized trials found improved HAMA and SAS scores, with high certainty for HAMA and moderate certainty for SAS.

    Open the Parkinson's Disease page
  • DepressionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 7 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A review pooling 15 randomized trials found improvements in HAMD and SDS scores when acupuncture was combined with antidepressants. Another pooled analysis reported improvements across depression, anxiety, sleep, and 5-HT measures.

    Open the Depression page
  • Stroke RecoverySome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    Pooled randomized trials in adults with stroke and upper-limb motor dysfunction found that acupuncture modalities differed in their rankings for motor function, daily activities, and muscle hypertonia; certainty ranged from low to moderate. A separate analysis pooled data from 11 studies involving 893 patients with post-stroke central facial palsy.

    Open the Stroke Recovery page
  • Alzheimer's DiseaseSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials found improved cognitive and functional outcomes when acupuncture was added to donepezil. The research focused on people with Alzheimer's disease taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with acupuncture evaluated as an adjunct.

    Open the Alzheimer's Disease page
  • DementiaSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    Pooled data from 13 randomized trials in patients with PSVD showed improved cognitive scores on MMSE and MoCA, though the authors noted limited certainty. A separate analysis found cognitive improvement when acupuncture was combined with conventional treatment compared with standard care.

    Open the Dementia page

Before you try it

What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.

Side effects

With weak evidence: Nausea, Dizziness, Pain, Bruising (Ecchymosis), Digestive Discomfort, Fainting (Syncope), and 28 more.

May not suit you if you have
Bleeding Disorders, Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets), Contagious Skin Infection, Implanted Electronic Device, and Recent Stroke
Serious interactions with
Anticoagulants
Reported by users
Pain (65 posts), Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness) (19 posts), Anxiety Increase (14 posts), Physical Fatigue (11 posts), and 13 more

General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.

How people do it

A gentle start, then what the studies used.

Start with
20 minutes, 2 times a week (Standard Manual Acupuncture)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
Build up to
30 minutes, 5 times a week (what the studies used)
What the studies ran
165 minutes a week for 7 weeks

The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.

Effects

50 listed

Start here

Most likely to help, from the evidence we have

  1. Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisLarge effectlong-term24 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 2,025 people found Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores fell by 2.74 points. The studies included people with varied conditions, including insomnia, depression, and pregnancy.

    →
  2. Migraine ReliefCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisSmall effect2 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 2,295 people found migraine duration was 4.36 h shorter with acupuncture than with sham acupuncture. Another analysis found a small reduction in migraine days compared with sham acupuncture.

    →
  3. Analgesic EffectCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term42 cited studies · 2 other sources

    Pooled randomized trials found migraine duration was 4.36 h shorter with acupuncture than with sham acupuncture; another review found lower leg-pain scores among 868 people. Results were not consistent across pain outcomes: a pooled analysis of 418 people found no significant improvement in WOMAC pain.

    →
  4. Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect10 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found MoCA scores improved by 2.80 points among 262 people. The studies covered conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.

    →
  5. Inflammation ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect12 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials reported lower IL-6 levels with warm acupuncture (SMD -3.10 [-4.56, -1.65]). Another analysis ranked acupoint injection as optimal for TNF-α regulation, but the finding does not establish a specific direction of change.

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  6. Female Hormonal Balance SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect8 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 3,500 people found the LH/FSH ratio fell by 0.49. A separate analysis of 264 people reported higher serum estradiol levels.

    →
  7. Digestion ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A review of randomized trials involving 766 people found acupuncture reduced functional dyspepsia symptom scores by 14.46 points on the 195-point NDSI. Another pooled analysis found time to first flatus was 11.57 hours shorter in studies of people with cancer.

    →
Medium probability(17)
  1. Allergy Symptom ReliefCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect3 cited studies

    For allergies, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found a higher clinical effective rate with acupuncture than with antihistamines (RR 1.19 [1.1, 1.29]). Another review of 266 people found lower scores on the 0–16 total nasal symptom score at the end of treatment.

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  2. Weight Management SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials found lower BMI with acupuncture; one analysis of 3,500 people reported a mean difference of -2.6 kg/m². The studies included people with obesity and PCOS.

    →
  3. Blood Flow ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT4 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials in people with menstrual pain or female infertility found an increase of 3.21 cm/s in a blood-flow measure. A separate analysis of 658 people found a lower resistance index (MD -0.07 index [-0.09, -0.05]).

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  4. Respiratory Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect6 cited studies · 1 other source

    In patients with COPD exacerbations, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found higher FEV_1 values with acupuncture than with usual treatment. Another pooled analysis found coughing lasted 3.22 days less among 364 people in its cough-duration analysis.

    →
  5. Body Composition ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials found BMI decreased by 0.70 kg/m2 with acupuncture; one analysis in people with PCOS reported a decrease of 1.15 kg/m2. The studies included people with obesity and PCOS.

    →
  6. Muscle RelaxationCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect2 cited studies · 1 other source

    In people recovering from stroke, pooled randomized trials found improved spasticity scores with acupuncture; lower scores on these scales indicate less spasticity. Another review found lower Modified Ashworth Scale scores when a needling technique was added to rehabilitation.

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  7. Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials involving 1,304 people found forward-flexion range of motion increased by 14.95 degrees. A separate analysis of 217 people also found increased flexion range of motion.

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  8. Blood Pressure SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials in people with hypertension found lower systolic blood pressure (SBP), with estimates of -6.73 mmHg among 812 people in one outcome analysis and -6.63 mmHg for office SBP among 121 people in another. Heterogeneity was 73.3% in the first analysis and 0.0% in the second.

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  9. Fertility ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effectconflicting findings10 cited studies

    Pooled randomized-trial analyses reported higher clinical pregnancy rates with acupuncture, including a risk ratio of 1.25 among 9,390 people in one analysis. Results differed by comparison: a separate review found no significant difference between acupuncture and sham acupuncture.

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  10. Sleep Onset ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials found that sleep latency was reduced overall by 7.25 minutes (MD = -7.25, 95% CI: -11.29 to -3.20); heterogeneity was high (I^2 = 94%). Acupuncture alone or combined with AT or meditation also shortened sleep latency more than meditation alone.

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  11. Lung Capacity ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 220 people found forced vital capacity increased by 0.46 L. A separate analysis combined randomized and non-randomized human studies and also reported benefits in some pulmonary-function measures.

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  12. Physical FunctionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effectconflicting findings26 cited studies

    A review of randomized trials found improved functional disability scores among 621 people. Findings varied across outcomes: another pooled analysis found only a nonsignificant trend toward improved function among 464 people.

    →
  13. Anxiety ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effectconflicting findings14 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 2,127 people found anxiety scores fell by 6.42 points. Findings differed by comparison: a review of 320 people found little to no difference between acupuncture and sham acupuncture on anxiety and depression symptoms.

    →
  14. Antidepressant EffectCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findingslong-term22 cited studies · 1 other source

    In a pooled analysis of randomized trials, adding acupuncture to antidepressants lowered depression scores by 1.43 points among 649 people. Findings varied by comparison: a review of 320 people found little to no difference in anxiety and depression symptoms between acupuncture and sham acupuncture.

    →
  15. Triglyceride Level ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect3 cited studies

    One pooled randomized-trial analysis of 3,500 people found triglycerides fell by 0.52 mmol/L. Another analysis of 130 people reported a reduction in triglyceride levels, but described the lipid findings as exploratory.

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  16. Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 130 people found lower total cholesterol, but the review described this lipid finding as exploratory because it relied on only two small studies with limited endpoints.

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  17. Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectconflicting findings6 cited studies · 1 other source

    In a pooled analysis of randomized trials, acupuncture lowered the Kupperman symptom score by 5.04 points in studies of menopause. Findings differed for withdrawal symptoms: another pooled analysis found no significant difference between acupuncture and placebo.

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Low probability(25)
  1. Female Fertility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTTrivial effect4 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 936 people found an increase of 2.22 oocytes in one comparison. Another analysis reported

    →
  2. Pregnancy Outcome SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 887 people with female infertility found a higher clinical pregnancy rate with acupuncture (RR 1.84 [1.53, 2.2]).

    →
  3. Grip Strength ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in people with Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss) reported improved grip strength (SMD = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49–0.83).

    →
  4. Neuroprotective EffectCertaintyLowSourceRCT3 cited studies

    In pooled randomized trials involving 298 people in the stroke outcome analysis, NIHSS scores decreased by 2.84 points (MD = −2.84, 95% CI (−3.76, −1.92), p < 0.00001); because NIHSS is an inverted scale, a decrease indicates improvement.

    →
  5. Physical Strength IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 560 people found improved grip strength (SMD 0.66 [0.49, 0.83]). Another review reported better Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores when acupuncture was added to rehabilitation after cerebrovascular disease.

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  6. Improve Heart Rate Variability (HRV)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 744 people found an increase of 13.59 ms in SDNN, a heart-rate variability measure. Results varied substantially across studies (I² = 98.8%).

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  7. Muscle Mass IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effect1 cited study

    In a pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 627 people with sarcopenia, acupuncture was associated with higher muscle mass scores (SMD 1.31 [0.19–2.43]).

    →
  8. Immune System SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effect4 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials reported lower IL-4 levels with acupuncture. A separate review found lower total IgE with combined treatment, but results varied substantially across studies (I² = 95%).

    →
  9. Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effectconflicting findings7 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials found improved shoulder function scores among 1,304 people, and another analysis reported lower WOMAC total scores. Results varied by outcome: a separate pooled analysis found no significant difference in knee flexion.

    →
  10. Nausea Relief SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect2 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 3,848 people found acupuncture reduced the incidence of vomiting (RR 0.583 [0.523, 0.65]). Findings for pregnancy-related nausea differed: reviews found no significant difference in PUQE scores compared with control.

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  11. Blood Glucose Level SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that body acupuncture + CT had the best effect on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in people with type 2 diabetes (MD = -0.84, 95% CI: -1.01, -0.67; SUCRA = 84.44%).

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  12. Antibiotic Recovery SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 134 people with pneumonia found antibiotic use lasted 4.51 days less with acupuncture.

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  13. Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effectconflicting findings10 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials found reduced cancer-related fatigue scores among 257 people, and another analysis reported lower overall fatigue. Results varied: a separate review of 251 people found no meaningful difference in fatigue between the treatments compared.

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  14. Hirsutism ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 148 people with PCOS found lower hirsutism scores with acupuncture (MD -2.15 points [-2.71, -1.6]).

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  15. Physical Endurance IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a 77.78 m greater improvement in six-minute walk distance when acupuncture was combined with exercise rehabilitation than with exercise rehabilitation alone. The result was described as not robust, with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 94%).

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  16. Cardiovascular Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effect3 cited studies · 1 other source

    In pooled randomized trials, ACER was associated with a greater reduction in LVEDD than ER alone (MD = -5.65 mm, 95% CI [-6.81, -4.50], P < 0.00001) among 373 people in this outcome’s analysis; a separate pooled analysis found a 60% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among 376 people. The findings differ by outcome: another pooled analysis found no significant effect on resistance index.

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  17. Bone Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect1 cited study

    In osteoporosis, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found greater gains in LS-BMD with the acupuncture-added regimen than with the regimen without acupuncture (SMD = 0.55, 95% CrI: 0.20~0.89).

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  18. Skin Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a 3.39-point reduction in Dermatology Life Quality Index scores. This measures skin-related quality of life, rather than a direct change in skin condition.

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  19. Insulin Sensitivity ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTconflicting findings4 cited studies

    One pooled randomized-trial analysis found HOMA-IR fell by 0.55, but the change did not exceed the stated MCID (0.79), suggesting limited clinical relevance. Results varied across analyses of people with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and PCOS.

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  20. Constipation ReliefCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study · 1 other source

    A review of randomized trials found lower BFI scores with acupuncture plus osmotic laxatives; lower BFI scores indicate improvement. The review rated the finding low certainty.

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  21. Urinary Flow ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effect1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 581 people found a higher treatment effective rate with acupuncture than with control (RR 1.23 [1.15, 1.33]). This reported outcome was a response rate, rather than a direct measure of urinary flow.

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  22. Balance ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effect1 cited study · 1 other source

    In people with stroke, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found balance scores favored acupuncture on the Berg Balance Scale. The result varied substantially across studies (I² = 91.5%) and was rated very low certainty.

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  23. Anticonvulsant EffectCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Acupuncture has been suggested as an adjunctive therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy that may reduce seizure frequency, although effects vary and it is not curative; human evidence has not established this effect.

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  24. Gut-Brain Axis SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    A proposed explanation is that acupuncture may affect gut motility and visceral sensitivity through central and peripheral nervous system pathways. This rationale has not been demonstrated in human studies.

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  25. Eye and Vision Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source

    Studies did not support acupuncture for eye health: a review reported inconsistent directions of effect across studies, and no meta-analysis was performed because of high risk of bias.

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Very low probability(1)
  1. Longevity and Anti-Aging SupportCertaintyVery lowSourceRCTnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials did not support a difference in mortality at day 28 between the two groups (RR = −0.74; 95% CI: 0.49–1.11; p = 0.14) among 346 people in this outcome’s analysis.

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4 more mentioned only by users

What to expect

Acupuncture’s reported benefits were measured over programmes rather than after a single session. Trials finding them ran from 0.4 weeks at the earliest, with typical programmes lasting 3 to 7 weeks depending on the outcome; these are measurement periods, not guaranteed times to benefit. Reported side effects occurred during programmes lasting 3 to 17 weeks.

Conditions it's used for

Complaints and diagnoses people take it for53 listed

Highest probability, strongest evidence

  1. PerimenopauseCertaintyHighSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A 2025 network meta-analysis of 36 randomized trials ranked routine acupuncture combined with auricular acupuncture highest for improving PSQI scores. A separate meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials reported improvement in PSQI and other outcomes compared with Western sedatives.

    →
  2. Back PainCertaintyHighSourceRCT4 cited studies

    A review pooling 11 randomized trials found reductions in VAS pain and ODI scores. In people with chronic nonspecific low back pain, pooled analyses also found pain and disability benefits when acupuncture was combined with core stability training.

    →
  3. InsomniaCertaintyHighSourceRCT4 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials found improvements in clinical efficacy and scores on PSQI and TCMSS. A separate network meta-analysis ranked routine acupuncture combined with auricular acupuncture highest for improving PSQI scores.

    →
  4. Parkinson's DiseaseCertaintyHighSourceRCT4 cited studies

    A network meta-analysis of 77 randomized trials reported improvements in anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life with various acupuncture interventions. A separate analysis of 10 randomized trials found improved HAMA and SAS scores, with high certainty for HAMA and moderate certainty for SAS.

    →
Medium probability(16)
  1. DepressionCertaintyMediumSourceRCT7 cited studies

    A review pooling 15 randomized trials found improvements in HAMD and SDS scores when acupuncture was combined with antidepressants. Another pooled analysis reported improvements across depression, anxiety, sleep, and 5-HT measures.

    →
  2. Stroke RecoveryCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials in adults with stroke and upper-limb motor dysfunction found that acupuncture modalities differed in their rankings for motor function, daily activities, and muscle hypertonia; certainty ranged from low to moderate. A separate analysis pooled data from 11 studies involving 893 patients with post-stroke central facial palsy.

    →
  3. Alzheimer's DiseaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCT4 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials found improved cognitive and functional outcomes when acupuncture was added to donepezil. The research focused on people with Alzheimer's disease taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with acupuncture evaluated as an adjunct.

    →
  4. DementiaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    Pooled data from 13 randomized trials in patients with PSVD showed improved cognitive scores on MMSE and MoCA, though the authors noted limited certainty. A separate analysis found cognitive improvement when acupuncture was combined with conventional treatment compared with standard care.

    →
  5. Ankylosing SpondylitisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported improvements in disease activity, pain, function, inflammatory markers, and morning stiffness. The reported benefits included acupuncture used alone or alongside other treatment.

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  6. Chronic Fatigue SyndromeCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of 8 randomized trials in people with chronic fatigue syndrome found fatigue improvement compared with control interventions, but the results varied considerably and the trials had moderate risk of bias. A separate analysis of 9 randomized and non-randomized human studies also reported lower fatigue severity at 5 and 13 weeks.

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  7. Diabetes Type 2CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials in people with type 2 diabetes found improved glycemic indicators when acupuncture was added to conventional treatment; the authors noted low study quality. Improvements in blood glucose and lipid profiles were also reported in animal studies.

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  8. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials found improvements in pain, prostaglandins, and uterine artery blood flow compared with Western medicine. A separate network meta-analysis assessed acupuncture-related therapies using pain and prostaglandin outcomes.

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  9. EndometriosisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials found reduced VAS pain and improved clinical response rates. Another meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials found improvements in pain and clinical efficacy compared with Chinese herbal medicine alone.

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  10. FibromyalgiaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials reported improvements in pain, FIQ, depression, and fatigue among people with fibromyalgia. Another analysis covered 26 randomized trials of acupuncture-based interventions and assessed pain, depression, and response outcomes.

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  11. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials in people with primary hypertension reported blood-pressure reductions. Another analysis found modest reductions in office SBP and DBP and 24-hour ambulatory DBP in adults with primary, essential, mild, or untreated hypertension, with low to very low certainty.

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  12. ObesityCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials in adults with obesity found a modest weight-loss benefit compared with lifestyle interventions and sham or placebo. A separate network meta-analysis reported improvements in BMI, weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with acupuncture-related therapies.

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  13. PneumoniaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials reported improvements in inflammatory markers, pulmonary function, and symptom duration. One trial in 72 people also found improvements in symptoms, inflammatory markers, and pulmonary function when acupuncture was combined with breathing training.

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  14. Poor Ovarian Reserve (Diminished Ovarian Reserve)CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A network meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials found improvements in oocyte count and AFC, but no significant effect on CPR. The trials involved women with diminished ovarian reserve undergoing IVF/ICSI, so the findings apply to that treatment setting.

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  15. Ulcerative ColitisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A network meta-analysis of 76 randomized trials reported improvements in total effective rate, Mayo score, Baron endoscopic score, IL-6, and TNF-α, and a lower recurrence rate compared with controls. Separate findings from experimentally induced animal models are preclinical and do not establish an indication in people.

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  16. Mild Cognitive ImpairmentCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    Two human randomized trials in people with mild cognitive impairment or amnestic mild cognitive impairment reported cognitive improvement with acupuncture; supporting findings came from animal studies.

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Low probability(32)
  1. MigraineCertaintyLowSourceMeta-analysis4 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials found reductions in migraine duration, attack frequency, and migraine days, with improved quality of life compared with sham acupuncture or waiting lists. Results were not consistent across analyses: a separate migraine subgroup showed a non-significant trend (MD -2.41, 95% CI -4.84 to 0.02).

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  2. OsteoarthritisCertaintyLowSourceRCT5 cited studies

    Findings conflict: one pooled analysis found a greater reduction in osteoarthritic pain (MD -3.34), while another found no statistically significant benefits over comparators for pain, function, or flexion in knee osteoarthritis. A separate analysis reported pain benefits versus oral medications, but evidence for adding acupuncture to medication was inconclusive.

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  3. MenopauseCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized trials in perimenopausal women reported reduced Kupperman scores with acupuncture modalities, mainly abdominal moxibustion and acupuncture therapy.

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  4. Addiction (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled network analysis of 35 randomized trials reported improvements in withdrawal, anxiety, and depression symptoms; certainty was described as low to moderate.

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  5. Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    The trials specifically enrolled people clinically diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and evaluated acupuncture-related therapies for this condition.

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  6. Anxiety Disorder (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A network meta-analysis ranked balance acupuncture combined with Xiaoyao powder highest for improving negative emotion scale scores.

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  7. Generalized Anxiety DisorderCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials found reductions in HAMA, SAS, GAD-7, PSQI, and SDS scores compared with sham acupuncture for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

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  8. AsthmaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies in people with bronchial asthma reported total efficacy and symptom outcomes, but the finding does not specify the direction or size of those changes.

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  9. Autism Spectrum DisorderCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 analysis of 17 randomized trials found improved CSHQ total scores and several sleep measures when acupuncture-related treatment was added to conventional treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

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  10. Chronic PainCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    Across 17 randomized trials of chronic pain, pooled VAS scores and pain relief rates improved with acupuncture.

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  11. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    The trials evaluated acupuncture as an addition to usual treatment in patients with AECOPD; the reported finding does not specify treatment outcomes.

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  12. Coronary Artery DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review of 8 randomized trials reported improved cardiac-function measures when acupuncture was added to conventional treatment in patients after PCI.

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  13. Essential TremorCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    An analysis of 20 randomized trials reported improved response rates and Tremor Six Score compared with controls, but the trials had limited quality.

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  14. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    In pooled analyses of five randomized trials, acupuncture-related therapies improved cough scores, LCQ and TER among patients with GERC.

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  15. GoutCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 systematic review reported short-term positive effects of acupuncture for Gout compared with no-acupuncture controls.

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  16. Heart ArrhythmiaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review covered 5 randomized trials comparing acupuncture with control interventions in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, but the reported finding does not specify treatment outcomes.

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  17. Heart Failure (CHF)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    An analysis pooled 8 randomized trials in patients with confirmed heart failure, NYHA class I to III, and assessed cardiac function, walking distance, and quality of life; the evidence was rated low to very low certainty.

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  18. Neck PainCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 meta-analysis of 26 randomized trials found reductions in pain intensity, functional disability, and pain perception compared with inert treatment.

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  19. Peripheral NeuropathyCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials found improvements in clinical efficacy, pain intensity, and FACT-NTX scores.

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  20. OsteoporosisCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    An analysis of 112 randomized trials examined acupuncture combined with pharmacotherapy in women with PMOP, but reported that results varied by outcome and comparison.

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  21. Bacterial PneumoniaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials found improvements in treatment response, inflammatory markers, pulmonary function, and symptom duration for Bacterial Pneumonia.

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  22. Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials reported improvements in muscle mass, grip strength, gait speed, and SPPB in people with Sarcopenia.

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  23. SchizophreniaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A meta-analysis found symptom improvement when acupuncture was added to antipsychotics compared with antipsychotics alone, but no significant difference compared with sham treatment.

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  24. SciaticaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 analysis of 68 randomized trials reported improvement in treatment effectiveness, pain intensity, and pain threshold for Sciatica.

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  25. Bell's PalsyCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 review of studies focused on Bell's Palsy found that most reported positive outcomes, while some concluded that evidence was insufficient.

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  26. Dry Eye SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    Findings across dry eye trials were mixed, and the authors judged the evidence inconclusive; the trials had high or unclear risk of bias.

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  27. GastritisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    The randomized trials enrolled patients with confirmed CAG, but the review reported no efficacy result; this finding identifies the population studied rather than demonstrating a benefit.

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  28. GlaucomaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    Studies of glaucoma, including those measuring intraocular pressure, were rated very low quality, and the authors judged the evidence inconclusive.

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  29. SepsisCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies examined acupuncture as an adjunct in adults in intensive care with sepsis-associated gastrointestinal dysfunction and reported improvements in gastrointestinal and inflammatory measures.

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  30. Chemotherapy Side EffectsCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Acupuncture is recommended for managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, and aromatase inhibitor-related joint pain.

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  31. IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)CertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Acupuncture may improve IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits.

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  32. Tension HeadacheCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Acupuncture is described as a preventive option for chronic tension-type headache, and NICE advises considering a course of treatment for appropriate patients.

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Very low probability(1)
  1. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCertaintyVery lowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    Studies did not support a clear benefit for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: a 2025 review described the findings as mixed, with high risk of bias and no clear benefit over sham.

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Side effects

34 listed

Highest probability

  1. NauseaCertaintyLowSourceClinical15 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported nausea, including as part of gastrointestinal symptoms that also involved vomiting, in studies of people with varied clinical conditions.

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  2. DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical20 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported dizziness and mild nausea associated with changes in body position; another reported vasovagal reactions involving dizziness, chest discomfort, and cold sweating.

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  3. PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical24 cited studies · 1 other source

    A systematic review of randomized trials reported discomfort from the acupuncture sensation, while a pooled analysis of randomized trials reported temporary pain worsening, local soreness, or a feeling of distension.

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  4. Bruising (Ecchymosis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical33 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported local bruising after acupuncture, sometimes alongside mild bleeding beneath the skin, across studies of people with varied clinical conditions.

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  5. Digestive DiscomfortCertaintyLowSourceClinical7 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported gastrointestinal reactions and dyspepsia in studies involving people with several clinical conditions.

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  6. Fainting (Syncope)CertaintyLowSourceClinical14 cited studies · 1 other source

    A systematic review of randomized trials reported fainting during needling; a pooled analysis also reported vasovagal reactions that included dizziness, chest discomfort, and cold sweating.

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  7. Allergic ReactionCertaintyLowSourceClinical13 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported adverse reactions and mild allergy in studies involving several clinical conditions; the findings do not describe more severe allergic reactions.

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Low probability(27)
  1. Muscle Ache (Myalgia)CertaintyLowSourceClinical8 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported temporary worsening of pain and local soreness or distension, as well as localized pain, in studies of people with varied conditions.

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  2. Skin Rash / IrritationCertaintyLowSourceClinical11 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported localized skin reactions, including dermatitis, in studies involving several clinical conditions.

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  3. DrowsinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported somnolence, and a systematic review reported drowsiness, in studies of people with depression.

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  4. Dry MouthCertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported dry mouth; a systematic review also reported dry mouth or thirst in studies involving addiction drugs.

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  5. Hepatotoxicity (Liver Toxicity)CertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported abnormal liver function in studies involving people with cancer, Parkinson's Disease, or stroke.

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  6. Blood ThinningCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported mild bleeding beneath the skin and bleeding at acupuncture sites in studies involving people with several clinical conditions; these findings describe local bleeding, not a demonstrated change in blood clotting.

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  7. Heart Rate IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials in 2025 reported palpitations in studies involving people with ankylosing spondylitis, breast cancer, or stroke. The reported finding is palpitations, not a measured increase in heart rate.

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  8. Liver Load IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported abnormal liver function in studies involving people with cancer or Parkinson's Disease; this finding concerns liver-function changes, not a measured increase in liver workload.

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  9. VomitingCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials in 2025 reported vomiting in studies involving people with depression, female infertility, or Parkinson's Disease. The findings do not specify how often it occurred or how severe it was.

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  10. HeadacheCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported headache, while a systematic review reported giddiness and headache in studies involving allergies and Parkinson's Disease.

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  11. Peripheral Nerve DamageCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source

    In studies of people with migraine, pooled analyses of randomized trials reported skin numbness, while a systematic review reported temporary nerve irritation.

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  12. Appetite ChangesCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported anorexia, and a pooled review reported low appetite, in studies involving people with Ankylosing Spondylitis.

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  13. Blood Pressure DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported hypotension in 2025 and decreased blood pressure in 2026. The findings came from studies involving people with Parkinson's Disease.

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  14. ConstipationCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2025 reported constipation in studies involving people with Parkinson's Disease. A systematic review from the same year also reported constipation.

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  15. DiarrheaCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported diarrhea, and a systematic review reported mild gastrointestinal symptoms that included diarrhea and vomiting, in studies of people with ankylosing spondylitis.

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  16. BloatingCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2025 reported abdominal bloating in studies involving people with ankylosing spondylitis. A 2026 systematic review reported perceived abdominal distension that was adjusted by changing needle depth.

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  17. Anxiety IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported needle phobia or fear of needles in studies involving people with hypertension or Parkinson's Disease.

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  18. FeverCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported fever in studies involving people with Ankylosing Spondylitis.

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  19. Gastric IrritationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported dyspepsia in studies involving people with Ankylosing Spondylitis.

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  20. Heart Rate DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2026 reported bradycardia, or a slow heart rate.

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  21. DyskinesiaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2025 reported movement disorders, including dyskinesia, in studies involving people with Parkinson's Disease.

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  22. HallucinationsCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2025 reported hallucinations in studies involving people with Parkinson's Disease.

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  23. Fluid Retention (Edema)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled review of randomized trials reported general swelling.

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  24. Panic AttackCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    A pooled review of randomized and non-randomized human studies described needle-related sickness that included panic, dry mouth, and a bitter taste.

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  25. Vision ProblemsCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A systematic review of randomized trials reported blurred vision; the finding is from clinical-condition studies.

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  26. Mental FatigueCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    A pooled review of randomized trials reported sleepiness in studies involving people recovering from stroke.

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  27. Injury Risk IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source

    A pharmacology reference notes that deep needling in the chest or upper back can rarely injure underlying structures, including causing pneumothorax.

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12 more mentioned only by users

Don't do it if

When to skip it or get medical advice first5 listed

Highest probability

  1. Bleeding DisordersCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Impaired clotting or platelet function can increase the risk of prolonged bleeding or a hematoma after needle insertion, even when needles are shallow.

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  2. Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    A platelet count <50,000/µL increases the risk of bleeding and bruising from needle punctures.

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  3. Contagious Skin InfectionCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Needling through an active infection at the intended site may introduce or spread infection through the skin. Needles should not be placed through infected skin.

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  4. Implanted Electronic DeviceCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Electroacupuncture near a pacemaker or implantable defibrillator may generate currents that interfere with the device.

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  5. Recent StrokeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    During the acute phase (<72 hours) of an ischemic stroke, needling may increase fluctuations in cerebral blood flow and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation.

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Interactions

Dangerous combinations

Highest severity first

  1. AnticoagulantsTheoreticalSerious

    Acupuncture may increase bleeding risk for people taking anticoagulants such as warfarin because needles can cause small tissue injuries. The risk may be higher with deep needling or at points near major blood vessels.

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  2. Antiplatelet AgentsTheoreticalCaution

    Using low-dose aspirin with acupuncture may increase bruising and minor bleeding, particularly in older adults or people with platelet dysfunction.

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  3. SupplementsBromelainTheoreticalCaution

    Bromelain has antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding or a hematoma where acupuncture needles are inserted.

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  4. SupplementsOmega-3TheoreticalCaution

    Fish oil supplements inhibit platelet aggregation and may prolong bleeding time, which may increase bruising or bleeding with acupuncture.

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Okay to combine with

Highest probability of useful synergy

  1. PracticesMeditationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary

    Meditation may complement acupuncture’s stress-reducing and autonomic-regulating effects through changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and vagal tone.

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  2. SupplementsMagnesiumCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating

    Magnesium deficiency is linked to increased muscle tension and neuropathic pain. Supplementation supports neuromuscular function and may enhance acupuncture’s pain-relieving and muscle-relaxing effects.

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  3. PracticesMoxibustionCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary

    Moxibustion is traditionally combined with acupuncture, particularly for pain, digestive disorders, and gynecological conditions; this combination is proposed to enhance therapeutic effects.

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  4. PracticesCupping TherapyCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary

    Cupping is often used alongside acupuncture to improve local blood flow and relieve muscle tension, potentially adding to pain relief.

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  5. PracticesYogaCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary

    Yoga may complement acupuncture by improving flexibility, reducing stress, and increasing body awareness; these effects may help prolong pain-management benefits.

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How it works

The mechanisms this practice works through25 listed · 0 established
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axisNeuroendocrine regulationproposed

    Acupuncture stimulates peripheral nerves and generates impulses to the center, regulating hypothalamic neurons associated with the reproductive endocrine system.

    PMID 41630228PMID 41659976

  • ACC, PAG, RVMDescending pain modulationproposed

    Needling activates descending pain inhibitory pathways via endogenous opioids and non-opioids (endocannabinoids, serotonin, norepinephrine).

    PMID 41583366

  • ATP, ADP, AMPEnergy metabolismproposed

    Increased ATP and ADP content, decreased AMP content, indicating enhanced energy metabolism.

    PMID 41465884

  • Adenosine A1 receptorAdenosine signalingproposed

    ATP released by mast cells is converted to adenosine, which activates A1 receptors to produce local analgesia within 30 minutes.

    PMID 41583366

  • Aquaporin-4AQP4 downregulationproposed

    Acupuncture reduces AQP4 expression, potentially alleviating cerebral edema and maintaining BBB stability.

    PMID 41281566

  • Auricular branch of vagus nerve (ABVN)Vagal stimulation (auricular)proposed

    Auricular acupuncture stimulates ABVN, activating nucleus of solitary tract and increasing vagal tone, reducing pain and inflammation.

    PMID 41583366

  • Bilateral inferior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus and right thalamusPain processing networkproposed

    Acupuncture modulates neural activity in these regions, which are key hubs in somatosensory processing and pain perception.

    PMID 40964198

  • COX-2, PGE2, HPA axisAnti-inflammatory pathwayproposed

    Acupuncture reduces COX-2 and PGE2 levels, activates HPA axis, and promotes peripheral opioid release.

    PMID 41583366

  • Endometrial thicknessMolecular upregulationproposed

    Acupuncture and moxibustion may upregulate adhesion molecules and cytokines such as integrin αvβ3, Homeobox A10 gene, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, estrogen receptor α, and progesterone receptor, facilitating pinopode formation and increasing endometrial thickness.

    PMID 41431024

  • IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-αInflammatory mediator reductionproposed

    Acupuncture decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitigating their disruptive effects on BBB.

    PMID 41281566

  • Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDBone remodeling and microcirculationproposed

    The authors propose that moxibustion may improve microcirculation and bone metabolism, and electroacupuncture at CV4 may act through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These are mechanistic hypotheses cited from other studies, not findings of this NMA.

    PMID 42460309

  • Mast cells (TRPV2 channels)Local mechanotransductionproposed

    Needle manipulation causes matrix deformation, activating mast cells via TRPV2, leading to degranulation and release of histamine, serotonin, ATP.

    PMID 41583366

  • Matrix metalloproteinase-9MMP-9 inhibitionproposed

    Acupuncture reduces MMP-9 levels, protecting extracellular matrix and tight junctions from degradation.

    PMID 41281566

  • Microglia (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP)Glial activation suppressionproposed

    Acupuncture inhibits glial activation, reducing neuroinflammation and BBB damage.

    PMID 41281566

  • Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPaseIonic homeostasisproposed

    Increased activity of ATPase enzymes, helping maintain ionic balance.

    PMID 41465884

  • Nestin-positive cellsNeural regenerationproposed

    Increased number of Nestin-positive cells, suggesting promotion of neural regeneration.

    PMID 41465884

  • Occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1Tight junction protein upregulationproposed

    Acupuncture increases expression of tight junction proteins, strengthening BBB integrity.

    PMID 41281566

  • PI3K/AKT/GLUT4, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, AMPK/ACC, BDNFEndocrine mechanismsproposed

    Acupuncture improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake via PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling, enhances mitochondrial function via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, regulates lipid metabolism via AMPK/ACC, and modulates BDNF to improve metabolic and neuropsychiatric comorbidities.

    PMID 41122717

  • Pelvic floor musclesPelvic floor muscle activationproposed

    Rehabilitation therapy such as PFMT and PFMES increases pelvic floor muscle strength and coordination.

    PMID 40433622

  • Supplementary motor area, superior temporal gyrus, insular cortex, putamenFunctional connectivityproposed

    Acupuncture engages a distributed pain-processing network through functional connectivity with these regions.

    PMID 40964198

  • T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+) and NK cellsImmune modulationproposed

    Acupuncture and moxibustion increase CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ and NK cells, and decrease CD8+ cells, enhancing anti-tumor immunity.

    PMID 40787472

  • TUNEL-positive cellsApoptosis inhibitionproposed

    Reduced number of apoptotic cells in ischemic brain tissue.

    PMID 41465884

  • Vagus nerveNeural reflex pathwaysproposed

    Acupuncture activates somato-autonomic reflex pathways, e.g., electroacupuncture at ST36 activates the vagus nerve, suppressing systemic inflammation.

    PMID 41230507

  • iNOSNeuroinflammationproposed

    Reduced iNOS mRNA levels, indicating suppression of inflammatory response.

    PMID 41465884

  • motor cortex and interhemispheric balanceperipheral-central neural plasticityproposed

    Authors propose that robot-delivered repetitive training and acupuncture afferent input synergistically promote neuroplasticity, with acupuncture modulating excitability of spinal cord and cortex and affecting neurotrophic factors and GABA/glutamate balance. This mechanism is a hypothesis and was not measured in the included trials.

    PMID 42037705

Variations

5 documented

Typical protocol

96 protocolsEstimated

Across every study of this practice, whatever the variation.

30 min · 5×/week

Course
7 weeks
Per week
165 min
Intensity
Mixed
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 89 repeated-course and 3 single-session protocols

58% of the corpus contributed

Standard Manual Acupuncture

Intermediate9/10supervision recommended20–40 min · 3 times a week

20–40 min · 3 times a week

Editorial
How often
3 times a week
Intensity
Low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

A practitioner gently lifts, thrusts, or twirls sterile, single-use needles by hand until a dull ache, heaviness, or tingling is felt. The needles are typically left in place for 20 to 30 minutes while the person rests.

Equipment: acupuncture needles, alcohol swabs, cotton balls

How it's done6 steps · 2 cues · 2 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. The practitioner cleanses the selected acupoints with an alcohol swab.
  2. A sterile, single-use filiform needle is quickly inserted through the skin to the appropriate depth.
  3. The needle is gently manipulated by lifting, thrusting, or twirling until the patient feels a dull ache, heaviness, or tingling (de qi).
  4. Needles are retained in place for 20 to 30 minutes while the patient rests comfortably.
  5. The practitioner may briefly re-stimulate the needles once or twice during the session.
  6. Needles are removed swiftly and the points are pressed with a dry cotton ball to prevent bleeding.

Cues

  • · Breathe slowly and deeply during insertion to ease any discomfort.
  • · Keep the body still and relaxed while needles are retained.

Common mistakes

  • Tensing muscles around the needle site, which can increase soreness.
  • Moving abruptly during needle retention, which can cause muscle spasm or needle displacement.
Studied protocols4 on file

Electroacupuncture

Intermediate8/10supervision recommended20–30 min · 3 times a week

20–30 min · 3 times a week

Editorial
How often
3 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Moderate

Pairs of inserted needles are connected to a device that delivers a continuous, gentle electric current, adjusted to a comfortable pulsing sensation or visible muscle twitch without pain. Stimulation continues for 20 to 30 minutes, with the practitioner monitoring comfort and adjusting intensity as needed.

Equipment: acupuncture needles, electroacupuncture stimulator, alcohol swabs, cotton balls

How it's done6 steps · 2 cues · 2 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Needles are inserted at selected acupoints following standard manual technique.
  2. After achieving de qi, the practitioner connects pairs of needles to the electro-stimulator leads.
  3. The device is turned on and the frequency and intensity are adjusted to a comfortable, visible muscle twitch without pain.
  4. Stimulation is applied for 20 to 30 minutes continuously.
  5. The practitioner monitors the patient for comfort and adjusts the intensity if the sensation fades.
  6. The device is turned off, leads are disconnected, and needles are removed.

Cues

  • · You should feel a strong, rhythmic tapping or pulsing, not sharp pain.
  • · Report if the sensation becomes too intense or fades away completely.

Common mistakes

  • Setting the intensity too high, causing muscle fatigue or pain.
  • Placing electrodes across the midline of the body, which is contraindicated in some patients.
Studied protocols5 on file

Auricular Acupuncture

Intermediate7/10supervision recommended20–45 min · Weekly

20–45 min · Weekly

Editorial
How often
Weekly
Intensity
Very low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

This approach stimulates points on the external ear, using small needles or adhesive-backed seeds; seeds may remain in place for 3-5 days, with gentle pressure applied several times a day. The ear may feel warm or slightly tender afterward.

Equipment: auricular needles or ear seeds, alcohol swabs, tweezers

How it's done6 steps · 2 cues · 2 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. The practitioner inspects the ear and locates reactive points using a probe or point detector.
  2. The ear is cleansed with an alcohol swab.
  3. A tiny, short needle is inserted into the ear point and retained, or a small herbal seed is fixed with adhesive tape.
  4. If seeds are used, the patient is instructed to apply gentle pressure to the seed several times a day.
  5. Needles are retained for 20-45 minutes; seeds may be left in place for 3-5 days.
  6. The practitioner removes the needles or instructs the patient on seed removal.

Cues

  • · The ear may feel warm or slightly tender after application.
  • · Press seeds only to the point of a mild distending sensation, not sharp pain.

Common mistakes

  • Applying seeds to broken or infected skin on the ear.
  • Pressing the seeds too hard or too frequently, causing skin irritation.
Studied protocols2 on file

Scalp Acupuncture

Advanced7/10supervision recommended30–60 min · Daily

30–60 min · Daily

Editorial
How often
Daily
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
First half of the day
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

Needles are placed shallowly along scalp zones associated with the neurological function being treated, and the person may be asked to practise the impaired movement during stimulation. Needles are retained for 30 to 60 minutes and stimulated again every 10-15 minutes.

Equipment: acupuncture needles, alcohol swabs, cotton balls

not for children

How it's done6 steps · 2 cues · 2 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. The practitioner identifies the specific scalp line or zone corresponding to the affected neurological function.
  2. Needles are inserted subcutaneously along the scalp line at a shallow, oblique angle.
  3. Needles are rapidly manipulated by twirling or lifting-thrusting for 1-2 minutes.
  4. The patient may be asked to perform the impaired movement or task during stimulation.
  5. Needles are retained for 30 to 60 minutes, with repeated stimulation every 10-15 minutes.
  6. Needles are removed and pressure is applied to the points.

Cues

  • · Focus your mind on the body part being treated during the stimulation.
  • · A distending sensation on the scalp is normal and desired.

Common mistakes

  • Inserting needles too deeply, risking injury to the periosteum.
  • Insufficient stimulation frequency, which reduces the therapeutic effect.

Warm Needle Acupuncture

Advanced7/10supervision recommended20–30 min · 3 times a week

20–30 min · 3 times a week

Editorial
How often
3 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

A small cone of burning moxa (dried mugwort) is placed on the handle of an inserted needle, sending warmth down the needle into the acupoint. The process may be repeated 2-3 times; a protective shield is used to catch ash and help keep it off the skin.

Equipment: acupuncture needles, moxa cones or sticks, alcohol swabs, protective shield

not for children

How it's done6 steps · 2 cues · 2 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Needles are inserted at the acupoints and the de qi sensation is obtained.
  2. A protective shield is placed on the skin around the needle to catch ash.
  3. A small, compacted cone of moxa is placed onto the needle handle and lit.
  4. The moxa smolders, generating a gentle, penetrating heat that travels down the needle.
  5. Once the moxa has burned out and the needle handle cools, the ash is carefully removed.
  6. The process may be repeated 2-3 times, then the needles are removed.

Cues

  • · You should feel a deep, soothing warmth, not a superficial burning.
  • · Inform the practitioner immediately if the heat feels too intense or sharp.

Common mistakes

  • Using moxa cones that are too large, causing excessive heat or burns.
  • Failing to use a protective shield, allowing ash to fall on the skin.
Studied protocols5 on file

How to start

Community experience

Based on 336 public posts from Reddit, Phoenix Rising, YouTube, Bluesky, and Hacker News.

Signal found101 signals5 platforms
Reddit 191Phoenix Rising 55YouTube 50Bluesky 23Hacker News 17

What people report it did

30 outcomes mentioned across 336 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.

Reported benefits13

Reported side effects17

What people report doing

Counted from public posts and videos, not from a survey. Each figure counts the posts that mentioned it — most reports say nothing about schedule.

How often6 mentions

As needed4Weekly2

Where13 mentions

Clinic13

How long they've practisedas written

“a while”“4 months”

References

174 screened · 166 analysed · 167 listed below

Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.

  1. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic sciatica from herniated disks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Med (Lausanne)2026Systematic reviewAn=868
  2. Efficacy of laser acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lasers Med Sci2026Meta-analysisAn=611
  3. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for breast cancer-related insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Support Palliat Care2026Meta-analysisAn=2025
  4. Timing and dose of acupuncture as adjuncts to assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis and model-based network meta-analysis.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)2026Systematic reviewAn=9390
  5. Efficacy of acupuncture in managing acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis.Front Med (Lausanne)2026Meta-analysisAn=3156
  6. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for functional dyspepsia: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Med (Lausanne)2026Systematic reviewAn=2454
  7. Acupuncture combined with antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depressive disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.Front Neurol2025Systematic reviewAn=975
  8. Acupuncture improves migraine and quality of life in patients with migraine: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Syst Rev2025Meta-analysisAn=2295
  9. Aerobic exercise versus acupuncture as adjuncts to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Am J Clin Exp Immunol2026Meta-analysisBn=2188
  10. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial.Front Neurol2026Meta-analysisBn=4133
Show all 167 references

    Diatelos provides general wellness information based on published research. It is not medical advice. Talk to a clinician before starting any new supplement or practice, especially if you have a health condition, are pregnant, or take medication.