health
Injury Risk Increase
Adverse effectInjury Risk Increase is an adverse health effect describing a greater likelihood of injury or an accident. It is a risk outcome, not confirmation that an injury has occurred.
See how Injury Risk Increase is framed as a health effect and what readers can learn from its surrounding context.
These are research findings, not promises. Most options have little evidence, and results differ from person to person.
What can cause it
How likely each one is to cause it, most likely first.
YogapracticeUnclear
Based on 5 studies. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
A randomized trial involving 700 participants found a higher fall rate in the intervention group than in the control group: 0·87 vs 0·64 falls per person-year; incidence rate ratio 1·33. A 2025 systematic review also described musculoskeletal issues.
Open the Yoga pageDancepracticeUnclear
Based on one study. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded identified falls during dance participation.
Open the Dance pageBrisk WalkingpracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
A randomized trial involving 92 people with type 2 diabetes reported a medical event requiring hospitalisation.
Open the Brisk Walking pageStrength TrainingpracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies. Strongest study: a one-time survey study.
In a 2026 cross-sectional study of 66 weight-training athletes, supraspinatus tendinopathy was more prevalent in weight-training athletes.
Open the Strength Training pageAnusara YogapracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies.
Improper alignment, excessive range of motion, falls, or advanced poses can cause musculoskeletal injury, although serious injuries are uncommon. Community members also reported this effect.
Open the Anusara Yoga pageCalisthenicspracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies.
Poor technique, abrupt increases in training volume, and inadequate recovery can contribute to acute or overuse injuries. Some people also report injuries in community discussions.
Open the Calisthenics pageCyclingpracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies.
Outdoor cycling carries a risk of falls and collisions that can cause abrasions, fractures, or head injury; helmets reduce head injury risk.
Open the Cycling pageHot BathpracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies.
Excessively hot water or prolonged exposure can cause scald injuries. Impaired heat sensation increases this risk.
Open the Hot Bath page
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
What can cause it
Interventions reported to bring this on40 listedHighest probability
- →PracticesYogaCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 other sources
A randomized trial involving 700 participants found a higher fall rate in the intervention group than in the control group: 0·87 vs 0·64 falls per person-year; incidence rate ratio 1·33 [95% CI 1·01-1·75; p=0·044]. A 2025 systematic review also described musculoskeletal issues.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- ADHD
- Copd
- Depression
- Elderly
- Frailty
- Hypertension
- +1 more
Open YogaStudy result
Musculoskeletal issues
- →PracticesDanceCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded identified falls during dance participation.
- →PracticesBrisk WalkingCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 other sources
A randomized trial involving 92 people with type 2 diabetes reported a medical event requiring hospitalisation.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Diabetes Type2
Open Brisk WalkingStudy result
Medical event requiring hospitalisation
- →PracticesStrength TrainingCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 other sources
In a 2026 cross-sectional study of 66 weight-training athletes, supraspinatus tendinopathy was more prevalent in weight-training athletes (93.3% vs. 41.2%; OR 17.7, 95% CI 2.16–145.8; FDR-adjusted p = 0.003).
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Open Strength TrainingStudy result
Supraspinatus tendinopathy was more prevalent in weight-training athletes (93.3% vs. 41.2%; OR 17.7, 95% CI 2.16–145.8; FDR-adjusted p = 0.003).
- →PracticesIV Vitamin DripCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A case report described suspected pneumatosis intestinalis and pneumoperitoneum on hospital day 16; surgery found ischemic colitis with perforation, and an extended right hemicolectomy with ileostomy was performed.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypothyroidism
- Kidney Disease
Open IV Vitamin DripStudy result
On hospital day 16, a CT scan of the abdomen was obtained, which revealed suspected pneumatosis intestinalis and pneumoperitoneum. She was taken to the operating room, where she was found to have ischemic colitis with perforation, and she underwent an extended right hemicolectomy with ileostomy crea
- →PracticesAnusara YogaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Improper alignment, excessive range of motion, falls, or advanced poses can cause musculoskeletal injury, although serious injuries are uncommon. Community members also reported this effect.
Open Anusara YogaStudy result
Improper alignment, excessive range of motion, falls, or advanced poses can cause musculoskeletal injury, although serious injuries are uncommon.
- →PracticesCalisthenicsCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Poor technique, abrupt increases in training volume, and inadequate recovery can contribute to acute or overuse injuries. Some people also report injuries in community discussions.
Open CalisthenicsStudy result
Poor technique, abrupt increases in training volume, or inadequate recovery can cause acute or overuse injuries.
Low probability(33)(1)(32)
- →PracticesCyclingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Outdoor cycling carries a risk of falls and collisions that can cause abrasions, fractures, or head injury; helmets reduce head injury risk.
Open CyclingStudy result
Outdoor cycling carries a risk of falls and collisions, causing abrasions, fractures and head injury. Helmets reduce head injury risk.
- →PracticesHot BathCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Excessively hot water or prolonged exposure can cause scald injuries. Impaired heat sensation increases this risk.
Open Hot BathStudy result
Excessively hot water or prolonged exposure can cause scald injury; impaired heat sensation increases risk.
- →PracticesIce Bath / Cold PlungeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Cold-induced numbness, impaired dexterity and reduced coordination can increase the risk of slips, an unsafe exit or accidental submersion.
Open Ice Bath / Cold PlungeStudy result
Cold-induced numbness, impaired dexterity, and reduced coordination can increase the risk of slips, unsafe exit, and accidental submersion.
- →PracticesIndoor RowingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
A pharmacology reference identifies poor technique, excessive training load, or abrupt increases in volume as causes of exercise-related injury; this effect was mentioned in 9 of 242 Reddit reports discussing it.
Open Indoor RowingStudy result
Poor technique, excessive training load, or abrupt increases in volume can cause exercise-related injury.
- →PracticesTabata TrainingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
High intensity and rapid transitions can cause acute musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in people unaccustomed to vigorous exercise or using poor technique.
Open Tabata TrainingStudy result
The high intensity and rapid transitions can cause acute musculoskeletal injury, particularly when the participant is unaccustomed to vigorous exercise or uses poor technique.
- →PracticesLatin Dance FitnessCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Pharmacology references note that repeated impact and rapid turns can cause exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in the lower limbs. Some people have also reported this effect.
Open Latin Dance FitnessStudy result
Repeated impact and rapid turns can cause exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries, particularly involving the lower limbs.
- →PracticesAcupunctureCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that deep needling in the chest or upper back can rarely injure underlying structures, including causing pneumothorax.
Open AcupunctureStudy result
Rarely, deep needling in the chest or upper back can injure underlying structures, including causing pneumothorax.
- →PracticesBlack SalveCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference warns that uncontrolled tissue destruction can cause permanent scarring, disfigurement, and functional impairment.
Open Black SalveStudy result
High risk of permanent scarring, disfigurement, and functional impairment due to uncontrolled tissue destruction
- →PracticesCoffee EnemaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Insertion, excessive pressure, or overly hot liquid can cause mucosal tears or burns, and rarely perforation.
Open Coffee EnemaStudy result
Insertion, excessive pressure, or overly hot liquid can cause mucosal tears, burns, or rarely perforation.
- →PracticesCupping TherapyCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that fire cupping can cause burns, wet cupping can cause skin infections, and either method can leave scars.
Open Cupping TherapyStudy result
Fire cupping can cause burns; wet cupping can cause skin infections, and either method can leave scars.
- →PracticesEar CandlingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Reported hazards include burns to the outer ear, face, scalp, or hair; fire-related injury; eardrum trauma; and ear-canal blockage from melted wax.
Open Ear CandlingStudy result
Documented hazards include burns to the external ear, face, scalp, or hair, fire-related injury, tympanic-membrane trauma, and blockage of the ear canal by melted candle wax.
- →PracticesForest Bathing (Shinrin-yoku)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Walking on uneven or slippery forest terrain can lead to trips and falls; the risk depends on the terrain and a person’s mobility.
Open Forest Bathing (Shinrin-yoku)Study result
Uneven or slippery forest terrain can lead to trips and falls, particularly during walking; risk depends on terrain and mobility.
- →PracticesGardening TherapyCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Gardening tools, thorns, and other sharp materials can cause minor cuts or puncture injuries.
Open Gardening TherapyStudy result
Gardening can cause minor cuts or puncture injuries from tools, thorns, and other sharp materials.
- →PracticesGrounding / EarthingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Barefoot contact with outdoor surfaces can cause cuts, punctures, or burns, with greater risk when protective foot sensation is reduced.
Open Grounding / EarthingStudy result
Barefoot contact with outdoor surfaces can cause cuts, punctures, or burns; the risk is greater when protective foot sensation is reduced.
- →PracticesHeating Pads / Warm CompressesCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Prolonged or excessively hot application can cause thermal skin burns, particularly during sleep or when sensation is impaired.
- →PracticesTongue ScrapingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Excessive pressure or repeated scraping can irritate or abrade the tongue and may cause minor bleeding.
- →PracticesTai ChiCertaintyLowSourceReview3 other sources
A 2022 review described a fall resulting in a bone fracture in a clinical-condition context; this finding does not establish how often such injuries occur.
- →PracticesHatha YogaCertaintyLowSourceReview2 other sources
A 2024 review described strains and sprains in the context of people with cancer.
- →PracticesMassageCertaintyLowSourceReview2 other sources
A review described safety concerns during massage sessions in a clinical-condition context.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Open MassageStudy result
Safety concerns during massage session
- →PracticesThai MassageCertaintyLowSourceReview2 other sources
A 2015 review listed acute myocardial infarction resulting in death as an injury risk.
Open Thai MassageStudy result
Acute myocardial infarction (death)
- →PracticesSwimmingCertaintyLowSourceReview1 other source
A review noted an increased risk of lumbar and cervical disc degeneration.
Open SwimmingStudy result
Increased risk of lumbar and cervical disc degeneration
- →SupplementsChagaCertaintyLowSourceAnimal research1 other source
TUNEL 43.7 ± 3.5 vs 8.4 ± 1.6 mm2/10^4 (control); Bcl-2 25.6% vs 48.6% (control)
Open ChagaDose & course
16 weeks
- →PracticesVinyasa YogaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal2 other sources
Musculoskeletal injuries, most commonly to wrist, shoulder, low back and knee, occur with yoga; the faster pace and repeated weight-bearing of vinyasa flow adds overuse risk.
- →PracticesHot YogaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 18 of 312 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesCardioCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 5 of 257 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesFastingCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 2 of 425 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesHigh-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)CertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 4 of 187 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesJump Rope TrainingCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 6 of 242 community reports discussing it (Reddit 4, YouTube 2).
- →PracticesMobility TrainingCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 15 of 276 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesQigongCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 3 of 250 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesFoam RollingCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 5 of 222 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesSwedish (Classic) MassageCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 11 of 241 Reddit reports discussing it.
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
Full write-up
What is it
Injury Risk Increase is an adverse health effect describing a greater likelihood of injury or an accident. It is a risk outcome, not confirmation that an injury has occurred. Depending on the context, it may involve musculoskeletal injury, slips, unsafe exits, or accidental submersion. Factors such as impaired coordination, excessive range of motion, or forceful movement can contribute.
How interventions help
Injury risk can rise through several distinct pathways. Some interventions create a direct physical hazard: cold exposure can cause numbness, impaired dexterity, and reduced coordination, increasing the chance of slipping, an unsafe exit, or accidental submersion. Coffee Enema can injure tissue through insertion, excessive pressure, or overly hot liquid, while Sodium Bicarbonate can rarely cause severe gastric distension or rupture when large doses are taken, especially after a large meal. Black Salve differs because its risk comes from uncontrolled tissue destruction, which can result in permanent scarring, disfigurement, and functional impairment.
Movement-based practices are more dependent on how they are performed. Yoga-related injuries are associated with poor alignment, excessive range of motion, forceful end-range stretching, repetitive practice, rapid transitions, advanced poses, falls, or inadequate supervision. These factors can produce sprains, strains, joint injuries, or aggravation of existing musculoskeletal problems. Tai Chi is linked with a fall involving bone fracture in people studied with a clinical condition, so its relevance may not extend equally to every population.
Other findings involve broader or less direct associations. Cigarette Smoking is associated with a higher injury hazard among current smokers, while the finding for former smokers was much closer to that of never smokers. Creatine has been linked with an overuse shoulder injury, and isolated findings include lower-limb injury with Beetroot Extract, falls-related injuries with Vitamin K2, and increased removals due to morbidity and mortality in a Tryptophan treatment. Cycling and some supplement-related findings are based on limited or incompletely characterized reports, so they do not establish the same kind of relationship as a clearly described physical mechanism.
Choosing guidance
The options are not directly comparable: some involve repeated movement, some involve a brief physical exposure or procedure, and others involve ingestion or smoking. The relevant concern may therefore depend more on how the option is used than on the name alone. For movement practices, supervision, alignment, force, range of motion, and prolonged or repetitive loading are recurring factors. Cold exposure raises a different practical issue because numbness and reduced coordination can affect safe movement and exit. Procedural options can cause injury through heat, pressure, insertion, or uncontrolled tissue damage.
There is no consistent dose-and-duration basis for ranking these options. A few findings describe timing: large doses of Sodium Bicarbonate, especially after a large meal, can rapidly generate carbon dioxide, while several physical or procedural hazards are described as arising during use. Many other findings do not report how much exposure was needed, how long use continued, or how quickly the outcome appeared, so apparent differences should not be treated as a precise comparison of risk.
The evidence also comes from different settings. Some entries have clinical evidence, whereas others rely on pharmacology references, anecdotal reports, or theoretical reasoning. The health status of the people studied is often not specified, and the findings do not establish that all options were tested in comparable human populations. Someone comparing these choices should therefore match the evidence type to the decision: supervised movement options require attention to technique and existing physical limitations, while ingestion, smoking, cold exposure, and procedures require attention to their distinct exposure conditions. The information is not sufficient to identify one universally suitable option.