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Alternative medicine

Cupping Therapy

Cupping Therapy is an alternative medicine practice explored mainly for pain management, as well as for broader health and wellness purposes. Research includes both individual clinical studies and evidence syntheses, but the strength of support is not uniform across the different uses.

Cupping Therapy is an alternative-medicine practice studied in relation to pain, physical endurance, and skin health.

Overview

Cupping Therapy is an alternative medicine practice explored mainly for pain management, as well as for broader health and wellness purposes. Research includes both individual clinical studies and evidence syntheses, but the strength of support is not uniform across the different uses. The existence of meta-analyses does not mean that benefits are established: overall, the findings remain mixed in how firmly they support the practice.

Well researched: 71 studies. Last checked Oct 7, 2026.

32
human evidence
24
eligible
12
unclassified
7
animal / null result

Best-evidenced uses

1 of 4 flagged interactions are serious or life-threatening·5 variations documented

EvidenceStrong
71
Studies

Evidence checked Oct 7, 2026 · newest study 2026

Study designs:Meta-analysis11Systematic review6RCT31Quasi Experimental8Cohort study1Case series1Case report2Pilot study1Qualitative1Narrative review8Animal study1
Study grades:
A
1
B
14
C
43
D
13

46 community reports across 4 platforms

View sources

Coverage

Effects
41
Helps with
34
Side effects
18
Interactions
6
1 high-risk
How to read the evidence

Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound

  • StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
  • ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
  • PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
  • LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
  • InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.

Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real

  • Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
  • HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
  • MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
  • LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
  • Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence

Source — where the data comes from

  • Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
  • RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
  • ClinicalA human clinical study
  • Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
  • Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
  • Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
  • TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested

Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)

  • AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
  • BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
  • CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
  • DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only

Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding

A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement

Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.

Interacts with some medications and supplements — worth checking before combining.See interactions

These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.

What does research say?

What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.

41 claims:5 some evidence4 mixed26 not enough evidence2 not tested in people4 no benefit found

  • Analgesic EffectSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    34 of 39 studies found a benefit; 5 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session. Trials that found it ran as little as 1 week, typically 4.

    Open the Analgesic Effect page
  • Skin Health ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    Open the Skin Health Improvement page
  • Respiratory Health SupportSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial. A trial found it after a single session.

    In a trial of 103 people, the MTTS score increased from 11.44 before WCT to 24.24 at the eighth week. A separate trial found cough alleviated more in the galbanum group than in the control group.

    Open the Respiratory Health Support page
  • Joint Health ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that cupping, especially wet cupping on GV-14 and Ashi points, combined with treatments such as acupuncture or traction, had a higher treatment success rate than those treatments alone. A narrative review reported reduced pain, stiffness, physical-function, and total scores after 4 weeks and at follow-up in both pricking-cupping and conventional acupuncture groups.

    Open the Joint Health Improvement page
  • Blood Oxygen Saturation ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial. A trial found it after a single session.

    Open the Blood Oxygen Saturation Improvement page
  • Physical FunctionMixed resultsSize of effect: Medium

    Studies disagree: some found a benefit, others found none. Do not count on it.

    15 of 20 studies found a benefit; 5 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found lower disability scores among 690 people in its outcome analysis; another pooled analysis reported improved function. But a separate pooled analysis of randomized trials found no improvement in functional disability among 596 people in its outcome analysis, so findings conflict.

    Open the Physical Function page
  • Immune System SupportMixed resultsSize of effect: Small

    Studies disagree: some found a benefit, others found none. Do not count on it.

    2 of 3 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported higher treatment success with wet cupping than with pharmaceutical medications such as antivirals, while another review found no difference in symptom improvement.

    Open the Immune System Support page
  • Physical Endurance IncreaseMixed resultsSize of effect: Not known

    Studies disagree: some found a benefit, others found none. Do not count on it.

    2 of 4 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.

    In a randomized trial of 40 people, exercise test results increased after 30 days in both the Cupping Therapy and nutrition modification groups compared with control. Another trial reported longer treadmill times after treatment, while a separate trial found no postintervention changes in peak oxygen consumption; these results do not point consistently to an endurance benefit.

    Open the Physical Endurance Increase page

What to expect

Some outcomes were found after a single session. Pain-related findings came from programmes as short as 1.0 week, with typical trials lasting 4 weeks; physical-function findings came from trials lasting 2 to 4 weeks, and endurance findings from trials lasting 3 to 4 weeks. These are study durations, not promised onset times. In one trial, pain relief had partly faded by 6 months post-intervention. Reported effects also occurred after a session and during programmes lasting 2–13 weeks.

Also studied in people with 34 health conditions

How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.

  • OsteoarthritisSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    5 of 6 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.

    Reviews reported lower VAS and WOMAC pain scores with cupping; individual randomized trials compared cupping with acupuncture. The findings describe pain outcomes rather than a broader change in osteoarthritis.

    Open the Osteoarthritis page
  • Herpes Zoster (Shingles)Some evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials found acupuncture with cupping reduced postherpetic neuralgia after acute shingles treatment compared with Western medicine; another review reported that wet cupping outperformed medications for treatment success and reducing postherpetic neuralgia.

    Open the Herpes Zoster (Shingles) page
  • MigraineSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2024 meta-analysis of 18 randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved treatment success and reduced pain with cupping. A 2021 review of 6 randomized controlled trials also found improved migraine symptoms, while noting that the evidence quality was low.

    Open the Migraine page
  • Neck PainSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2018 meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials reported reduced pain and improved function compared with no intervention and active controls. A 2023 review also found evidence supporting efficacy, though the included evidence varied in quality.

    Open the Neck Pain page
  • Chronic PainSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    Open the Chronic Pain page
  • AsthmaSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2024 randomized controlled trial involving 103 people reported improved asthma control, less shortness of breath and rescue inhaler use, and better sleep quality and daily activities compared with control. An earlier review found some reports of benefit but concluded that the evidence was insufficient.

    Open the Asthma page
  • Ankylosing SpondylitisSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2021 review described favorable BASFI and BASDAI outcomes when cupping was combined with Western medicine, but characterized the overall evidence as weak. The pooled treatment effects reported in another review do not establish which specific outcomes changed.

    Open the Ankylosing Spondylitis page
  • Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)Some evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A 2024 meta-analysis of 19 RCTs reported efficacy comparable to high-potency steroids, with improved outcomes when cupping was combined with medication or moxibustion. A separate 2020 protocol concerned neurodermatitis but presented no results.

    Open the Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) page

Before you try it

What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.

Side effects

With weak evidence: Bruising (Ecchymosis), Skin Rash / Irritation, Dizziness, Pain, Injury Risk Increase, Nausea, and 12 more.

May not suit you if you have
Bleeding Disorders, Contagious Skin Infection, Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets), Wound, Anemia (General), Recent Stroke, and 3 more
Some trials left out people with
Pregnancy, Bone Fracture, Cancer (General), Diabetes (General), and 10 more
Serious interactions with
Anticoagulants
Reported by users
Skin Rash / Irritation (6 posts)

General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.

How people do it

A gentle start, then what the studies used.

Start with
5 minutes, weekly (Dry Static Cupping)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
Build up to
15 minutes, 2 times a week, low intensity (what the studies used)
What the studies ran
30 minutes a week for 4 weeks

The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.

Effects

41 listed

Start here

Most likely to help, from the evidence we have

  1. Analgesic EffectCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisSmall effectlong-term38 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found lower pain intensity with Cupping Therapy among 656 people in its analysis of CMP’s pain intensity (SMD=−1.17; 95% CI=−1.93 to −0.42; p=0.002). Another pooled analysis found that electroacupuncture combined with cupping reduced pain scores in people with post-herpetic neuralgia (WMD = –2.65, 95% CI [–2.97, –2.32], P = .000).

    →
  2. Skin Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect4 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of randomized trials found lower scores with moving cupping than with no-moving cupping among 1,164 people in its skin-health analysis (weighted mean difference = –1.22, 95% CI [–1.58, –0.85], P < .00001; I^2 = 85%). A separate pooled analysis found a higher treatment success rate with wet cupping than with medications such as tanshinone, tetracycline, and ketokonazole (RR 2.14, 95%CI 1.42 to 3.22).

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  3. Physical FunctionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term20 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found lower disability scores among 690 people in its outcome analysis; another pooled analysis reported improved function. But a separate pooled analysis of randomized trials found no improvement in functional disability among 596 people in its outcome analysis, so findings conflict.

    →
  4. Immune System SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect3 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported higher treatment success with wet cupping than with pharmaceutical medications such as antivirals (RR 2.07, 95%CI 1.77 to 2.43), while another review found no difference in symptom improvement (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.92 to 1.08).

    →
  5. Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that cupping, especially wet cupping on GV-14 and Ashi points, combined with treatments such as acupuncture or traction, had a higher treatment success rate than those treatments alone (RR 1.52, 95%CI 1.20 to 1.92). A narrative review reported reduced pain, stiffness, physical-function, and total scores after 4 weeks and at follow-up in both pricking-cupping and conventional acupuncture groups.

    →
  6. Respiratory Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceClinicallong-term3 cited studies

    In a trial of 103 people, the MTTS score increased from 11.44 before WCT to 24.24 at the eighth week. A separate trial found cough alleviated more in the galbanum group than in the control group.

    →
  7. Physical Endurance IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies

    In a randomized trial of 40 people, exercise test results increased after 30 days in both the Cupping Therapy and nutrition modification groups compared with control. Another trial reported longer treadmill times after treatment, while a separate trial found no postintervention changes in peak oxygen consumption; these results do not point consistently to an endurance benefit.

    →
Medium probability(2)
  1. Blood Oxygen Saturation ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    One randomized trial reported that SpO2 increased from 88.74±3.45 to 94.23±2.1 mmHg in the galbanum group. Another trial found higher SpO2 in the intervention group than in the control group at the first week (97.42% vs. 95.33%, p=0.023) and first month (98.0% vs. 95.33%, p=0.001).

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  2. Fatigue ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies

    A randomized trial of 141 people found a difference favoring Cupping Therapy only on the motivation scale for fatigue (difference −1.2, 95% CI: −2.1, −0.2). Another trial reported lower perceived exertion during the post-WCT session than during the control session.

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Low probability(28)
  1. Body Composition ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in people with metabolic syndrome found the measured outcome was 2.46 kg lower among 261 people in its outcome analysis (MD = −2.46, 95% CI: −4.25 to −0.68, P = .007).

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  2. Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials in people with metabolic syndrome found a mean reduction of 3.98 mg/dL among 159 people in its outcome analysis (MD = −3.98, 95% CI: −6.99 to −0.96, P = .010).

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  3. Weight Management SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found mean weight was 3.38 kg lower among 1,280 people in its outcome analysis. Another review included evidence suggesting cupping may not be effective for obesity, so the findings are not uniform.

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  4. Muscle RelaxationCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study · 2 other sources

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found lower MAS scores when wet cupping was combined with rehabilitation training among 583 people in its outcome analysis (MD = −0.60, 95% CI: −0.74, −0.46).

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  5. Blood Pressure SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinicallong-term5 cited studies

    In a randomized trial of 40 people, systolic blood pressure was lower in the Cupping Therapy group than in the control group (MD -14.1 mmHg). Another trial of 60 people reported a decrease from 117.7 ± 2.9 mmHg to 111.8 ± 2.3 mmHg in the cupping group.

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  6. Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies

    In a trial of 103 people with asthma, sleep quality in the cupping group remained unchanged through the eighth week. A separate trial found reduced sleep latency after WCT, so results differ by sleep measure and study.

    →
  7. Physical Energy IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A trial of 50 people found higher vitality scores after treatment (MD 10.2 points [3, 17.3]).

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  8. Insulin Sensitivity ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 120 people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the HOMA-IR measure decreased more in the intervention group than in the comparison group (MD -1.28 HOMA-IR units).

    →
  9. Liver Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 120 people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT levels decreased more in the intervention group than in the comparison group (MD -4.12 IU/L).

    →
  10. Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinicalLarge effect1 cited study · 2 other sources

    A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a lower incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia (RR 0.06, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.25, p = 0.0001).

    →
  11. Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies

    A trial of 30 people found greater improvements in flexion and lateral flexion in the dry-cupping group. Another trial reported an effect on ankle range of motion, though the finding does not give the size of that change.

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  12. Mood ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalTrivial effectconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations3 cited studies · 1 other source

    One randomized trial of 60 people found a mental-dimension quality-of-life score 15.28 points higher after Cupping Therapy than in the control group. In contrast, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found no improvement in mental health among 408 people in its outcome analysis, so results conflict.

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  13. Physical Strength IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    One trial reported a significant effect on manual muscle testing after treatment. Another trial found no postintervention changes in peak power, so the results differ across strength-related measures.

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  14. Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a reduction in depression scores (MD -4.92 points [-6.49, -3.34]).

    →
  15. Constipation ReliefCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    In a randomized trial of 120 people, after four weeks 5 patients in the cupping group (8.6%) and 14 in the PEG group (23.3%) still met the ROME III criteria for functional constipation (p=0.03).

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  16. Appetite Increase (Desired)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 60 people with COVID-19, anorexia was alleviated more in the galbanum group than in the control group.

    →
  17. Inflammation ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source

    A quasi-experimental study of 26 people reported decreases in both TSH and ESR. The decrease was statistically significant only in parametric tests for TSH and only in nonparametric tests for ESR.

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  18. Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 49 people, perceived stress was lower during the post-WCT session than during the control session (MD -0.46 points).

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  19. Improve Heart Rate Variability (HRV)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 40 healthy people, the rate of LF recovery after intense exercise was higher in the cupping group than in the sham group. The finding concerns recovery of this measure after exercise.

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  20. Respiratory Rate OptimizationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial of 24 people with asthma, respiratory rate one hour after the intervention was 20.0 in the intervention group and 34.67 in the control group.

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  21. Blood Glucose Level SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinicallong-term2 cited studies

    In a quasi-experimental study of 31 people with metabolic syndrome, fasting blood sugar decreased from 5.0±0.4 at baseline to 4.8±0.4 at one and three months, and 4.7±0.5 at four months.

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  22. Cardiovascular Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a study of 31 people, vWF, a measure of endothelial function, was reduced by 4.0% at four months compared with baseline (MD -5.3 IU/dL [-8.55, -2.2]).

    →
  23. Kidney Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinicallong-term1 cited study

    In a study of 31 people, serum urea was lower than baseline at one, three, and four months (MD -0.5 mmol/L [-0.94, -0.1]). This measured a blood marker, not kidney health outcomes broadly.

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  24. Gout Management SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    In a quasi-experimental study of 31 people, serum uric acid was significantly lower than baseline at one and four months, but not at three months. A review also reported lower serum uric acid with wet cupping than with Probenecid.

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  25. Triglyceride Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies

    A case report described one person with acute-on-chronic pancreatitis whose serum triglycerides decreased after Cupping Therapy was introduced into the treatment regimen. Because the change coincided with the treatment, the report does not establish that cupping caused it.

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  26. Pain Tolerance ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    In a case series of 3 people with back pain, pressure pain threshold increased in all participants, by an average of 11.0 psi. The small case series cannot establish how broadly this finding applies.

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  27. Blood Flow ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Local suction creates negative pressure that dilates capillaries and increases regional blood perfusion, as indicated by the characteristic erythema and ecchymosis; this is a proposed effect.

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  28. Lymphatic System SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Negative pressure from cupping may enhance lymphatic drainage and reduce localized edema.

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Very low probability(4)
  1. HDL Cholesterol IncreaseCertaintyVery lowSourceRCTnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    Human study findings do not establish that Cupping Therapy increases HDL cholesterol.

    →
  2. Muscle Soreness Reduction (DOMS)CertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A randomized trial of 49 healthy participants found that wet cupping therapy did not affect the quantity of delayed onset muscle soreness measured before the RAST (p = 0.79, ES = 0.1).

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  3. Fertility ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    Human study findings do not establish that Cupping Therapy improves fertility in people with PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome).

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  4. Social Function ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    Studies did not support an improvement in social function from Cupping Therapy. In a qualitative study, participants in both groups described positive experiences with social and professional support, rather than an effect attributable specifically to cupping.

    →

What to expect

Some outcomes were found after a single session. Pain-related findings came from programmes as short as 1.0 week, with typical trials lasting 4 weeks; physical-function findings came from trials lasting 2 to 4 weeks, and endurance findings from trials lasting 3 to 4 weeks. These are study durations, not promised onset times. In one trial, pain relief had partly faded by 6 months post-intervention. Reported effects also occurred after a session and during programmes lasting 2–13 weeks.

Conditions it's used for

Complaints and diagnoses people take it for34 listed

Most likely to help, from the evidence we have

  1. Back PainCertaintyMediumSourceRCT8 cited studies

    A 2022 meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials reported that wet cupping reduced pain and improved quality of life, while dry cupping improved quality of life. In a separate trial involving 198 people, adding cupping to ear acupuncture improved pain severity, pain relief, and physical disability compared with ear acupuncture alone.

    →
  2. OsteoarthritisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT6 cited studies

    Reviews reported lower VAS and WOMAC pain scores with cupping; individual randomized trials compared cupping with acupuncture. The findings describe pain outcomes rather than a broader change in osteoarthritis.

    →
  3. Herpes Zoster (Shingles)CertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect5 cited studies

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials found acupuncture with cupping reduced postherpetic neuralgia after acute shingles treatment compared with Western medicine; another review reported that wet cupping outperformed medications for treatment success and reducing postherpetic neuralgia.

    →
  4. MigraineCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A 2024 meta-analysis of 18 randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved treatment success and reduced pain with cupping. A 2021 review of 6 randomized controlled trials also found improved migraine symptoms, while noting that the evidence quality was low.

    →
  5. Neck PainCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A 2018 meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials reported reduced pain and improved function compared with no intervention and active controls. A 2023 review also found evidence supporting efficacy, though the included evidence varied in quality.

    →
  6. AcneCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A 2012 pooled analysis of randomized trials found wet cupping superior to medications for treatment success, while a 2010 review said the human evidence was insufficient; a 2021 review noted potential lack of effectiveness in more than one included study.

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  7. ObesityCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A 2023 meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials reported improvements in BW, BMI, HC, and WC. A 2021 review noted potential lack of effectiveness in more than one included study, so the findings conflict.

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Medium probability(5)
  1. PsoriasisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A 2020 meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials reported improved PASI scores and recurrence rates with moving cupping. A 2021 review also reported statistically significant pooled treatment effects.

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  2. Chronic PainCertaintyMediumSourceClinicalLarge effect4 cited studies

    A 2023 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a large effect on chronic pain (SMD −1.03 [−1.41, −0.65]). An earlier review said that although most studies suggested potential benefit across pain conditions, the evidence was insufficient for a recommendation.

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  3. AsthmaCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies

    A 2024 randomized controlled trial involving 103 people reported improved asthma control, less shortness of breath and rescue inhaler use, and better sleep quality and daily activities compared with control. An earlier review found some reports of benefit but concluded that the evidence was insufficient.

    →
  4. Ankylosing SpondylitisCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2021 review described favorable BASFI and BASDAI outcomes when cupping was combined with Western medicine, but characterized the overall evidence as weak. The pooled treatment effects reported in another review do not establish which specific outcomes changed.

    →
  5. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)CertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2024 meta-analysis of 19 RCTs reported efficacy comparable to high-potency steroids, with improved outcomes when cupping was combined with medication or moxibustion. A separate 2020 protocol concerned neurodermatitis but presented no results.

    →
Low probability(19)
  1. Metabolic SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2023 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs reported reductions in waist circumference, body weight, BMI, and LDL-C.

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  2. Stroke RecoveryCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2023 meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials reported improvements in MAS, FMA, BI, ER, and biceps iEMG. A 2021 review also noted potential lack of effectiveness in more than one included study, so the findings conflict.

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  3. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)CertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2018 retrospective case-control study involving 60 people reported a reduction in systolic blood pressure after three Hijama sessions compared with baseline and a control group. A 2021 review also noted potential lack of effectiveness in more than one included study, so the findings conflict.

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  4. AnginaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2022 RCT in 40 male patients with refractory stable angina reported improvements in pain, quality of life, exercise test, and blood pressure.

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  5. Autoimmune Disease (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2022 pilot controlled study in 26 people reported reductions in anti-TPO, anti-TG, TSH, prolactin, and ESR, alongside clinical and ultrasound improvements.

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  6. Chronic UrticariaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2021 review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported statistically significant pooled treatment effects for chronic urticaria.

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  7. Common ColdCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2010 review of randomized and non-randomized human studies noted some reports of benefit for the common cold but concluded that the evidence was insufficient.

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  8. COVID-19CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2023 RCT in 60 people with COVID-19 reported improved SpO2 and symptom alleviation compared with standard care alone.

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  9. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2020 RCT in 120 people reported improvements in HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, and fatty liver grade when Hijamat was added to lifestyle modification, compared with lifestyle modification alone.

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  10. Headache Disorder (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2017 quasi-experimental study in 629 people with headache found improvement in the physical health-related quality-of-life domain.

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  11. Multiple SclerosisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 RCT in 60 women with multiple sclerosis reported reduced fatigue and improved quality of life.

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  12. Plantar FasciitisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2017 RCT in 29 people found within-group improvements in pain and function with dry cupping; the reported finding describes change within the cupping group.

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  13. Hypertriglyceridemia (High Triglycerides)CertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2024 case report involving 1 person described potential reductions in triglycerides and pancreatitis episodes.

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  14. PancreatitisCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2024 case report involving 1 person described fewer pancreatitis episodes after wet cupping.

    →
  15. Allergies (General)CertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2023 protocol cites earlier clinical trials and case reports of cupping at CV8 Shenque for urticaria, but the protocol itself presents no outcome results.

    →
  16. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2021 review described symptomatic improvement in two RCTs and two case reports, but concluded the evidence was insufficient for a formal recommendation.

    →
  17. GoutCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2021 review described one randomized controlled trial and one prospective cohort study that found cupping beneficial for acute gouty arthritis.

    →
  18. Rheumatoid ArthritisCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2021 review described one study in which wet cupping reduced pain and laboratory markers of rheumatoid arthritis activity; combining it with conventional therapy decreased RF levels.

    →
  19. SclerodermaCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2021 review described benefit for limited scleroderma in one case series, but also a case report of deep ulcerations after cupping in circumscribed scleroderma.

    →
Very low probability(3)
  1. FibromyalgiaCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies

    Cupping was not superior to sham cupping for pain or other outcomes in a randomized controlled trial involving 141 people, and the authors concluded that they could not recommend cupping for fibromyalgia.

    →
  2. PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)CertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    Cupping has been studied in PCOS.

    →
  3. VasculitisCertaintyVery lowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    The reported studies did not support cupping for vasculitis: a 2021 review described one case report of benefit for superficial thrombotic phlebitis and another reporting bullous lesions after cupping.

    →

Side effects

18 listed

Highest probability

  1. Bruising (Ecchymosis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical7 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported ecchymoses and petechiae, and another reported minor hematoma. The findings came from studies involving people with back pain, eczema, osteoarthritis, or stroke recovery.

    →
  2. Skin Rash / IrritationCertaintyLowSourceClinical12 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported burns associated with the fire suction method and skin lacerations. These findings came from studies involving a range of conditions, including Osteoarthritis, Back Pain, and Psoriasis.

    →
  3. DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported slight dizziness. A 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies also reported dizziness in studies involving people with migraine or multiple sclerosis.

    →
  4. PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported pain at cupping sites. Another pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2024 also recorded pain, without further details on its location or nature.

    →
  5. NauseaCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported nausea, as did a 2023 pooled analysis of randomized trials. The studies involved people with migraine or obesity.

    →
  6. Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)CertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported tingling in the hands and arms. One trial in 40 people with Osteoarthritis found light tingling in the legs that was self-limiting.

    →
  7. Muscle Ache (Myalgia)CertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported muscle soreness. One trial in 110 people found light muscular backache.

    →
Low probability(11)
  1. HeadacheCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported tension headache. A separate trial involving 50 people in 2011 reported slight headache.

    →
  2. Muscle StrainCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported strain or pain at treated areas. A separate trial involving 50 people in 2011 also reported strain or pain there.

    →
  3. Vision ProblemsCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported blurred vision. A separate trial involving 50 people in 2011 also reported blurred vision.

    →
  4. Fainting (Syncope)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported vasovagal attacks associated with wet cupping.

    →
  5. Muscle TensionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported muscular tension.

    →
  6. Tinnitus OnsetCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2018 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported tinnitus.

    →
  7. WeaknessCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2024 trial involving 103 people with asthma reported weakness and lethargy.

    →
  8. Mental FatigueCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A trial involving 50 people in 2011 reported tiredness.

    →
  9. Injury Risk IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source

    A pharmacology reference notes that fire cupping can cause burns, wet cupping can cause skin infections, and either method can leave scars.

    →
  10. RBC/Hemoglobin DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source

    A pharmacology reference notes that repeated or excessive wet cupping can cause blood-loss anemia.

    →
  11. Inflammation IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceReview1 cited study

    A 2021 review raised the possibility that cupping could induce rheumatic conditions, including Ankylosing Spondylitis, Gout, and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

    →

Don't do it if

When to skip it or get medical advice first9 listed

Highest probability

  1. Bleeding DisordersCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Cupping’s negative pressure can rupture superficial capillaries. When clotting is impaired, including with hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, or anticoagulation, this can lead to an uncontrolled hematoma or persistent bleeding.

    →
  2. Contagious Skin InfectionCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Cupping over an active bacterial, viral, or fungal skin infection may spread the pathogen locally or systemically, and suction may worsen the infection.

    →
  3. Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    The skin incisions used in wet cupping can bleed excessively or for longer than usual when platelet counts are low.

    →
  4. WoundCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Cups should not be placed over open wounds, burns, or broken skin: doing so may introduce infection, aggravate tissue damage, and delay healing.

    →
  5. Anemia (General)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Wet cupping removes blood, so additional blood loss may worsen active, clinically significant anemia.

    →
  6. Recent StrokeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    In the early period after a stroke, hemorrhagic transformation is a concern; cupping-related vascular stress may add to that risk, especially with anticoagulant use.

    →
  7. Varicose VeinsCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Suction over or near varicose veins may further weaken fragile vessel walls, potentially causing venous rupture or worsening venous insufficiency.

    →
Low probability(2)
  1. Cancer (General)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Cancer treatment such as chemotherapy may be associated with thrombocytopenia, which can increase bleeding risk with cupping.

    →
  2. PregnancyCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Cupping on the lower back or abdomen, and potentially strong suction elsewhere, may trigger uterine contractions. Most guidelines recommend avoiding cupping during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.

    →

Who the trials left out

Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm. Ask a clinician first.32 listed
Left out by one trial each (18)

When you stop

Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing1 listed

Highest probability

  1. Analgesic EffectCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalloss of benefit1 cited study

    In a qualitative report, a participant said pain improved only during treatment and returned after treatment ended.

    →

Interactions

Dangerous combinations

Highest severity first

  1. AnticoagulantsTheoreticalSerious

    Cupping can rupture local capillaries and cause bruising; when combined with anticoagulants such as warfarin, this may increase the risk of prolonged or severe bruising, hematomas, and uncontrolled bleeding.

    →
  2. Antiplatelet AgentsTheoreticalCaution

    Regular aspirin use can increase bleeding risk, while cupping may cause small skin bleeds and bruising; together, these may lead to larger hematomas or prolonged bleeding at cup sites.

    →
  3. SupplementsCod Liver OilTheoreticalCaution

    High-dose omega-3s can inhibit platelet aggregation; combined with the local capillary rupture and bruising caused by cupping, they may increase the risk of extensive bruising or prolonged bleeding.

    →
  4. SupplementsGinkgo BilobaTheoreticalCaution

    Ginkgo Biloba has antiplatelet effects, which may add to the capillary damage caused by cupping and increase the risk of bruising or bleeding complications.

    →

Okay to combine with

Highest probability of useful synergy

  1. PracticesAcupunctureCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating

    Cupping and acupuncture are often combined in traditional practice, with complementary approaches intended to support analgesia, pain modulation, and local inflammation reduction. The traditional rationale also includes improving energy flow (Qi).

    →
  2. PracticesMassageCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary

    Cupping lifts and separates fascial layers, while massage mobilizes and manipulates tissue. Combining them is proposed to improve tissue pliability and pain relief more than either approach alone.

    →

How it works

The mechanisms this practice works through25 listed · 0 established
  • Abdominal wall muscles and intestinal motilityMechanical stimulationproposed

    Negative pressure from cupping may stimulate abdominal wall muscles and improve intestinal motility, potentially decreasing colonic transit time and increasing peristalsis.

    PMID 28852716

  • Alveolar fluid clearanceAlveolar fluid clearance (AFC)proposed

    WCT may enhance AFC by improving skin microcirculation and increasing hydrostatic pressure at cupping site, facilitating clearance of inflammatory mediators and interstitial lung fluid.

    PMID 40292262

  • Aβ fibres in skinReflex therapyproposed

    Cupping may influence chronic pain locally by deforming or injuring the skin which stimulates Aβ fibres in painful but also distal skin regions.

    PMID 23057611

  • Cortico-muscular coherenceNeuromuscularproposed

    Post-condition cupping therapy may enhance beta-band coherence activity, improving central nervous system regulation of peripheral system.

    PMID 39411055

  • Descending inhibitory pathways of pain controlPain modulationproposed

    Wet cupping may act as a nociceptive stimulus that activates descending inhibitory pathways of pain control, helping to treat chronic musculoskeletal conditions.

    PMID 30462793

  • Frontal cortex activityCentral nervous system activationproposed

    WCT may increase frontal brain activity and secretion of neuro-humoral hormones (e.g., beta-endorphin), potentially enhancing muscle response.

    PMID 39309464

  • Hyaluronic acid viscosityFascial glidingproposed

    Negative pressure from cupping may restore normal fascial gliding by increasing lubrication, preventing collagen cross-binding, and restoring hyaluronic acid viscosity.

    PMID 38313662

  • Immune systemImmunomodulationproposed

    WCT may modulate immune response, potentially influencing inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-κB and enhancing complement system activity.

    PMID 40292262

  • LDL-CLipid metabolismproposed

    Cupping significantly lowered LDL-C levels, potentially protecting against atherosclerosis.

    PMID 37000047

  • Local blood flowHemodynamicproposed

    Cupping therapy increases local blood flow through positive pressure at cup rim and negative pressure under cup, promoting reperfusion and nitric oxide release.

    PMID 39411055

  • Local nerves and blood vesselsPain modulationproposed

    Acupuncture and cupping may regulate local blood vessel and muscle function by stimulating local nerves, reducing smooth muscle spasm, and exerting analgesic effects.

    PMID 34397828

  • Negative pressure microenvironmentPain modulationproposed

    Cupping therapy may reduce pain by activating a negative pressure microenvironment, possibly through pain-gate and conditioned pain modulation mechanisms.

    PMID 36595746

  • Nitric oxide, oxidative stressAnti-inflammatoryproposed

    Wet cupping may remove oxidants and decrease oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in NO, malondialdehyde, SOD, and myeloperoxidase.

    PMID 35128323

  • Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokinesAnti-inflammatoryproposed

    Wet cupping may remove oxidative stress-induced products and reduce inflammatory complications, potentially ameliorating inflammatory responses in asthma.

    PMID 39295605

  • Pain modulationEndogenous opioid releaseproposed

    Cupping-mediated pain relief contributes to the activation of mechanoreceptors, leading to endogenous anandamide and opioid release.

    PMID 33657762

  • Pain perceptionAnalgesic effectproposed

    WCT may induce analgesic effects through removal of pain-mediating substances and increased endogenous opioids, contributing to better sleep and lower RPE.

    PMID 39309464

  • Peripheral nervous systemPain modulationproposed

    Cupping therapy directs blood flow towards skin and muscles, stimulates peripheral nervous system, and may activate endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms.

    PMID 26962482

  • Pro-inflammatory lipids and cytokinesAnti-inflammatoryproposed

    Cupping may increase anti-inflammatory lipids (PGE1, 5,6-EET) and decrease pro-inflammatory lipids (12-HETE, TXB2), and reduce hs-CRP and ESR.

    PMID 37000047

  • Psychological stateRelaxation and social comfortproposed

    Therapeutic effects of the special naturopathic setting may have a relaxing and social comforting effect on the patient and may imitate a 'grooming situation'.

    PMID 23057611

  • Serum ferritin and iron storesIron reductionproposed

    Hijamat may reduce iron overload by excreting iron-rich interstitial fluid, potentially reducing oxidative stress and improving insulin resistance.

    PMID 31999405

  • Skin surface temperatureVasodilation and increased blood flowproposed

    Cupping therapy increases skin surface temperature at the treated acupuncture points, likely due to vasodilation and increased blood flow.

    PMID 27073404

  • anti-inflammatory lipids (PGE1, 5,6-EET, 14,15-EET, 10S,17S-DiHDoHE), pro-inflammatory lipids (12-HETE, thromboxane B2)lipid metabolismproposed

    Cupping therapy can upregulate anti-inflammatory lipids, downregulate pro-inflammatory lipids, improve lipid metabolite balance, and alleviate inflammation.

    PMID 33031296

  • endothelial cellsNitric oxide-mediated vasodilationproposed

    Cupping therapy releases nitric oxide from endothelial cells, causing vasodilation and increased blood circulation in the treated area, which may reduce compression on the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome.

    PMID 33527065

  • lumbar paraspinal musclesmechanical stretchproposed

    Negative pressure within the cup causes a physiological stretch on the underlying tissue, promoting extensibility and increasing ROM.

    PMID 38665683

  • β-endorphinEndogenous opioid systemproposed

    HSP70 acts as a cytokine triggering CRH, which stimulates POMC gene transcription and β-endorphin production; β-endorphin binds mu-opioid receptors to exert analgesia.

    PMID 28761205

Variations

5 documented

Typical protocol

51 protocolsEstimated

Across every study of this practice, whatever the variation.

15 min · 2×/week

Course
4 weeks
Per week
30 min
Rounds
1–5
Intensity
Low
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 35 repeated-course and 13 single-session protocols

73% of the corpus contributed

Dry Static Cupping

Beginner8/105–20 min · 2 times a week

5–20 min · 2 times a week

Editorial
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

Dry static cupping leaves suction cups stationary over a localized area, such as the back or neck, and is described as a non-invasive introduction to cupping. The skin may show circular marks that last several days; too much suction or leaving cups on too long can cause pain, blistering, or increased bruising.

Equipment: cupping set with manual pump, lubricant (optional)

not in pregnancy

How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Clean the skin over the target area and ensure it is dry.
  2. Select a cup of appropriate size for the muscle group being treated.
  3. Attach the manual pump to the cup's valve and create suction by pumping until the skin is drawn a few millimeters into the cup.
  4. Check that the suction feels like a firm pull but is not painful.
  5. Leave the cup in place for 5 to 15 minutes, depending on tolerance.
  6. Release the suction by gently lifting the valve and remove the cup.
  7. Apply a light moisturizer or oil to the treated area if the skin feels sensitive.

Cues

  • · A tight pulling sensation is normal; sharp pain is not.
  • · Keep the body relaxed and breathe normally during the session.
  • · Expect circular marks that may last several days.

Common mistakes

  • Applying too much suction, causing unnecessary pain or blistering.
  • Leaving cups on for too long, which can increase bruising without added benefit.
  • Placing cups directly over bony prominences or the spine.
Studied protocols1 on file

Wet Cupping (Hijama)

Advanced7/10supervision recommended20–30 min · Monthly

20–30 min · Monthly

Editorial
How often
Monthly
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
First half of the day
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Moderate

Wet cupping combines suction with shallow skin incisions to draw out a small amount of blood, so it is more invasive than dry cupping and calls for a trained practitioner. The treated area is covered with a sterile dressing and kept clean and dry for 24 hours after the session.

Equipment: sterile disposable cups, surgical scalpel or lancet, antiseptic solution, gloves, gauze

not for children,not in pregnancy

As studied

10 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

20–30 min

Course
8 weeks
Rounds
1–1.5
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 6 repeated-course and 4 single-session protocols

Derived from2534985226962482278532723225741733657762+5 more in Sources

How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. The practitioner disinfects the skin at the designated acupoints or tender areas.
  2. A cup is applied to create suction and left for a few minutes to draw blood to the surface.
  3. The cup is removed, and the practitioner makes several tiny, superficial scratches on the raised skin using a sterile lancet.
  4. The cup is immediately reapplied to the same spot to draw out a small quantity of blood via suction.
  5. After a few minutes, the cup is removed and the area is cleaned with antiseptic.
  6. The site is covered with a sterile dressing to protect the small incisions.

Cues

  • · The incisions are very shallow and feel like a light scratch.
  • · The procedure should not be painful, only a mild discomfort from the suction.
  • · Keep the area clean and dry for 24 hours after the session.

Common mistakes

  • Attempting this procedure at home without sterile equipment or proper training.
  • Making incisions that are too deep, leading to scarring or excessive bleeding.
  • Applying wet cupping too frequently, which can deplete energy and delay skin healing.
Studied protocols13 on file

Showing 6 of 13 — the rest are in Sources

Dynamic Massage Cupping

Intermediate7/105–15 min · 2 times a week

5–15 min · 2 times a week

Editorial
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

Dynamic cupping uses oil so a suctioned cup can glide along muscle fibers, covering a larger area rather than remaining in one place. It is described for widespread muscle stiffness; the cup should not drag painfully, and it should not be applied over varicose veins, wounds, or inflamed areas.

Equipment: silicone cups, massage oil or lubricant

not in pregnancy

How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Apply a generous layer of massage oil to the area to be treated.
  2. Use a silicone cup and squeeze it to create suction before placing it on the skin.
  3. Once the cup is secured, slowly glide it along the direction of the muscle fibers.
  4. Move the cup in long, even strokes, or use circular motions over tight knots.
  5. Adjust suction by squeezing the cup more or less to maintain comfort.
  6. Continue for 5 to 10 minutes until the skin appears flushed.
  7. Remove the cup by breaking the seal and wipe off excess oil.

Cues

  • · The cup should glide smoothly without dragging the skin painfully.
  • · Focus on breathing deeply into any areas of tension as the cup passes over them.
  • · Redness is a normal sign of increased circulation.

Common mistakes

  • Using too little oil, causing the cup to pull and pinch the skin.
  • Moving too fast, which reduces the therapeutic effect on the fascia.
  • Applying dynamic cupping over varicose veins, wounds, or inflamed areas.

Flash Fire Cupping

Expert6/10supervision recommended5–15 min · 2 times a week

5–15 min · 2 times a week

Editorial
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

Flash fire cupping uses a brief flame inside a glass cup to create suction and may produce a warming sensation. It requires skill to perform safely: an overheated rim can cause a serious burn, and the variation is best administered by an experienced practitioner.

Equipment: thick-walled glass cups, hemostat or long forceps, cotton ball, 90% isopropyl alcohol, lighter

not for children,not in pregnancy

How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. The practitioner soaks a cotton ball in alcohol, clamps it with forceps, and lights it to create a flame.
  2. The flaming cotton is briefly swirled inside a glass cup for 1-2 seconds to consume oxygen and heat the air.
  3. The flame is quickly removed, and the cup is immediately placed firmly against the skin.
  4. The cooling air inside creates a strong vacuum, pulling the skin up into the cup.
  5. The cup is left in place for 5 to 10 minutes.
  6. To remove, the practitioner presses down on the skin next to the cup's rim to break the seal and lifts it off.

Cues

  • · You will feel a sudden, strong pull and a warm sensation, not a burn.
  • · The rim of the cup should feel warm, not hot, against the skin.
  • · Stay still and breathe calmly to avoid displacing the cups.

Common mistakes

  • Heating the glass rim too much, which can cause a serious burn.
  • Using too much alcohol, which can drip and spread flame.
  • Leaving the flame in the cup too long, creating excessive heat and a risk of breakage.
Studied protocols3 on file

Pulsatile Mechanical Cupping

Advanced6/10supervision recommended8–15 min · 2 times a week

8–15 min · 2 times a week

Editorial
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

Pulsatile mechanical cupping rhythmically changes suction to create a pumping action that is thought to enhance fluid exchange and tissue mobilization. It is used in clinical settings for issues such as knee osteoarthritis or chronic low back pain, with a practitioner monitoring comfort and adjusting the device settings.

Equipment: pulsatile cupping device, conductive gel or oil

not for children,not in pregnancy

How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. A practitioner applies a thin layer of gel to the skin to ensure a good seal.
  2. The device's cups are positioned over the target muscle or joint.
  3. The machine is turned on, and the pressure and pulsation frequency are set to a comfortable level.
  4. The device cycles between a set negative pressure and a lower pressure in rhythmic intervals.
  5. The treatment continues for 8 to 15 minutes, with the practitioner monitoring the skin's response.
  6. The device is turned off, the seal is broken, and the cups are removed.

Cues

  • · The sensation is a rhythmic tugging rather than a constant pull.
  • · Report any sharp pain or discomfort immediately so settings can be adjusted.
  • · The area may feel looser and look slightly pinker after the session.

Common mistakes

  • Setting the negative pressure too high, which can cause petechiae or pain.
  • Using the device over bony areas where a proper seal cannot form.
  • Assuming the machine's default settings are appropriate for all body regions.
Studied protocols2 on file
  • 15 min· 2×/week· 4 weeks· Rounds 8· n=40· A repeated coursePMID 23057611
  • 8 min· 2×/week· 4 weeks· Rounds 8· n=110· A repeated coursePMID 29609566

How to start

Community experience

Based on 46 public posts from Reddit, Bluesky, YouTube, and Hacker News.

Signal found12 signals4 platforms
Reddit 25Bluesky 11YouTube 9Hacker News 1

What people report it did

5 outcomes mentioned across 46 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.

Reported benefits3

Reported side effects1

Reported after stopping1

What people report doing

Counted from public posts and videos, not from a survey. Each figure counts the posts that mentioned it — most reports say nothing about schedule.

How often2 mentions

As needed2

Where2 mentions

Clinic2

How long they've practisedas written

“first session”

References

72 screened · 71 analysed · 72 listed below

Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.

  1. Effects of cupping therapy on chronic musculoskeletal pain and collateral problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open2025Meta-analysisAn=656
  2. Cupping Therapy for the Treatment of Migraine Headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.J Pharmacopuncture2024Meta-analysisBn=1446
  3. The efficacy and safety of cupping as complementary and alternative therapy for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore)2023Meta-analysisBn=489
  4. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the anti-obesity effect of cupping therapy.Medicine (Baltimore)2023Meta-analysisBn=1563
  5. Wet cupping with rehabilitation training for upper-limb poststroke spasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Heliyon2023Meta-analysisBn=583
  6. Effects of ear acupuncture combined with cupping therapy on severity and threshold of chronic back pain and physical disability: A randomized clinical trial.J Tradit Complement Med2022RCTBn=198
  7. Effectiveness of self-management of dry and wet cupping therapy for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore)2022Meta-analysisBn=690
  8. Acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cupping for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: A meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore)2021Meta-analysisBn=1140
  9. Cupping Therapy for Migraine: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med2021Systematic reviewBn=510
  10. Moving cupping therapy for plaque psoriasis: A PRISMA-compliant study of 16 randomized controlled trials.Medicine (Baltimore)2020Meta-analysisBn=1164
Show all 72 references

    Diatelos provides general wellness information based on published research. It is not medical advice. Talk to a clinician before starting any new supplement or practice, especially if you have a health condition, are pregnant, or take medication.