body
Skin Rash / Irritation
Adverse effectSkin Rash / Irritation is an adverse skin outcome: an unwanted change in the skin that a person may notice as a rash or irritation. It describes a skin reaction or symptom, rather than an intended benefit or a general measure of skin health.
See where Skin Rash / Irritation fits within body-focused topics.
These are research findings, not promises. Most options have little evidence, and results differ from person to person.
What can cause it
How likely each one is to cause it, most likely first.
Black SalvepracticePossible
Based on 10 studies. Strongest study: a single case report.
A 2023 case series of 409 people described necrosis, ulceration, or scarring of normal tissue; a 2013 case series of 11 also reported scarring.
Open the Black Salve pageOzone TherapypracticePossible
Based on 3 studies. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.
A 2026 systematic review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin irritation, including redness, swelling, and pain. A 2020 review also described dermatitis and a burning sensation.
Open the Ozone Therapy pageTENS / EMS TherapypracticeUnclear
Based on 20 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Pooled analyses whose study designs were not recorded noted skin irritation. A 2026 analysis described irritation beneath electrodes, including redness, itching, and discomfort.
Open the TENS / EMS Therapy pageCupping TherapypracticeUnclear
Based on 13 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported burns associated with the fire suction method and skin lacerations. These findings came from studies involving a range of conditions, including Osteoarthritis, Back Pain, and Psoriasis.
Open the Cupping Therapy pageAcupuncturepracticeUnclear
Based on 12 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported localized skin reactions, including dermatitis, in studies involving several clinical conditions.
Open the Acupuncture pageRed Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation)practiceUnclear
Based on 11 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin rash, while a 2026 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported skin irritation. The studies involved people being treated for allergic rhinitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, myopia progression, or peripheral neuropathy.
Open the Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) pageHeating Pads / Warm CompressespracticeUnclear
Based on 10 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported itching from a fingerless glove used in heat therapy and skin rash. The findings came from studies involving people with chronic kidney disease, chronic pain, or osteoarthritis.
Open the Heating Pads / Warm Compresses pageMassagepracticeUnclear
Based on 2 studies. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Pooled randomized and non-randomized human studies reported temporary skin erythema. A review also described skin rash from allergy to massage oils in a clinical-condition context.
Open the Massage page
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
What can cause it
Interventions reported to bring this on27 listedHighest probability
- →PracticesBlack SalveCertaintyMediumSourceClinical10 other sources
A 2023 case series of 409 people described necrosis, ulceration, or scarring of normal tissue; a 2013 case series of 11 also reported scarring.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Cancer
- Colon Cancer
- Melanoma
- Skin Cancer
Open Black SalveStudy result
Necrosis/ulceration/scarring of normal tissue
- →PracticesOzone TherapyCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 other sources
A 2026 systematic review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin irritation, including redness, swelling, and pain. A 2020 review also described dermatitis and a burning sensation.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Open Ozone TherapyStudy result
Skin irritation (redness, swelling, pain)
Low probability(25)
- →PracticesAcupunctureCertaintyLowSourceClinical12 other sources
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported localized skin reactions, including dermatitis, in studies involving several clinical conditions.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Allergies
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Female Infertility
- Hypertension
- Parkinsons Disease
Open AcupunctureStudy result
dizziness, fatigue, and localized skin reactions (acupuncture-related therapies)
- →PracticesCupping TherapyCertaintyLowSourceClinical13 other sources
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported burns associated with the fire suction method and skin lacerations. These findings came from studies involving a range of conditions, including Osteoarthritis, Back Pain, and Psoriasis.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Asthma
- Back Pain
- Eczema
- Gout
- Multiple Sclerosis
- +5 more
Open Cupping TherapyStudy result
Burns (from fire suction method)
- →PracticesRed Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation)CertaintyLowSourceClinical11 other sources
A 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin rash, while a 2026 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported skin irritation. The studies involved people being treated for allergic rhinitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, myopia progression, or peripheral neuropathy.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Myopia Progression
- Neuropathy Peripheral
Open Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation)Study result
skin rash
- →PracticesTENS / EMS TherapyCertaintyLowSourceClinical20 other sources
Pooled analyses whose study designs were not recorded noted skin irritation. A 2026 analysis described irritation beneath electrodes, including redness, itching, and discomfort.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Breast Cancer
- Depression
- Fibromyalgia
- Neuropathy Diabetic
- Neuropathy Peripheral
- Osteoarthritis
- +2 more
Open TENS / EMS TherapyStudy result
Skin irritation
- →PracticesHeating Pads / Warm CompressesCertaintyLowSourceClinical10 other sources
Pooled analyses of randomized trials reported itching from a fingerless glove used in heat therapy and skin rash. The findings came from studies involving people with chronic kidney disease, chronic pain, or osteoarthritis.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Chronic Pain
- Osteoarthritis
Open Heating Pads / Warm CompressesStudy result
Itching caused by a fingerless glove used in heat therapy (Bartholdy et al., cited within the review)
- →PracticesMassageCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 other sources
Pooled randomized and non-randomized human studies reported temporary skin erythema. A review also described skin rash from allergy to massage oils in a clinical-condition context.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer
- Down Syndrome
- Hiv Aids
Open MassageStudy result
Temporary skin erythema
- →PracticesCardioCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A pooled analysis whose design was not recorded reported foot blisters.
- →PracticesMeditationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A pooled analysis whose design was not recorded mentioned cold sores and a heavy-body feeling; it did not describe a skin rash or irritation.
- →PracticesGardening TherapyCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria; this finding concerns that plant specifically.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimers Disease
- Cancer
- Dementia
- Depression
- Frailty
- Stroke
Open Gardening TherapyStudy result
Contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria
- →PracticesAnusara YogaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 other source
A 2026 systematic review of observational studies classified reported events as dermatological adverse events, without specifying the skin problems involved.
- →PracticesCyclingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Prolonged saddle contact can cause chafing, folliculitis, or saddle sores when friction, moisture, and pressure affect the skin.
Open CyclingStudy result
Prolonged saddle contact with friction, moisture and pressure can cause chafing, folliculitis and saddle sores.
- →PracticesChelation Therapy (Non-Medical)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Chelating drugs can cause allergic skin reactions: rashes are known with deferasirox and DMSA, while deferoxamine and EDTA can cause reactions at the infusion site.
Open Chelation Therapy (Non-Medical)Study result
Chelating drugs can cause allergic skin reactions: rashes are a known side effect of deferasirox and DMSA, and infusion-site reactions occur with deferoxamine and EDTA.
- →PracticesFastingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that ketosis during fasting can rarely trigger an itchy red rash on the chest and back, called prurigo pigmentosa.
Open FastingStudy result
Ketosis during fasting can, rarely, trigger an itchy red rash on the chest and back (prurigo pigmentosa).
- →PracticesIce Bath / Cold PlungeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
In people with Cold Urticaria, cold water can trigger histamine release from skin mast cells, causing hives, redness and itching; whole-body immersion can make the reaction severe.
Open Ice Bath / Cold PlungeStudy result
In people with cold urticaria, cold water makes skin mast cells release histamine, causing hives, redness and itching; whole-body immersion can make this reaction severe.
- →PracticesSwimmingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Chlorine and other pool chemicals can irritate skin and cause an itchy rash; parasites in open water can cause swimmer's itch.
Open SwimmingStudy result
Chlorine and other pool chemicals can irritate the skin and cause an itchy rash; open water can carry parasites that cause swimmer's itch.
- →PracticesHot BathCertaintyLowSourceReview2 other sources
A 2024 review reported skin burns from hot-water immersion.
Open Hot BathStudy result
Skin burns from hot-water immersion
- →PracticesHot YogaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal2 other sources
This effect was mentioned in 5 of 312 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesFinnish SaunaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 3 of 192 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesInfrared SaunaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 2 of 233 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesNasal Irrigation (Neti Pot)CertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 3 of 289 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesIndoor RowingCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
Friction from the handle can cause blisters and calluses on the hands; seat friction may cause skin irritation.
- →PracticesThai MassageCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 2 of 262 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesVinyasa YogaCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotal1 other source
This effect was mentioned in 2 of 312 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →PracticesEar CandlingCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 other source
Wax, fragrances, dyes, or smoke may irritate the outer ear, face, or scalp and cause localized dermatitis.
Open Ear CandlingStudy result
Wax, fragrances, dyes, or smoke may irritate the external ear, face, or scalp and cause localized dermatitis.
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
Full write-up
What is it
Skin Rash / Irritation is an adverse skin outcome: an unwanted change in the skin that a person may notice as a rash or irritation. It describes a skin reaction or symptom, rather than an intended benefit or a general measure of skin health.
Associations with this outcome vary by intervention and by the type of evidence supporting them; an association should not be read as proof that every listed intervention causes it.
How interventions help
Skin rash or irritation appears here as a possible adverse outcome associated with several different types of intervention, rather than as a therapeutic benefit. The pattern spans oral products, topical preparations, a heat-based exposure, and electrode-based therapy, so the experience may depend on how the intervention is used and where exposure occurs. Local reactions are especially relevant for interventions applied to the skin or delivered through electrodes, while other entries describe skin findings during systemic use.
The reported reactions range from irritation, itching, or rash to more serious skin effects. Black Salve stands apart because the described local reaction may progress beyond ordinary irritation. CBD-related evidence comes from epilepsy add-on trials, whereas the health status of most other groups was not specified. TENS / EMS Therapy was studied in people with a clinical condition, so those findings may not apply in exactly the same way to people using it outside that setting.
The records do not establish a consistent onset time, whether reactions require continuous exposure, or whether symptoms persist after an intervention is stopped. For some interventions, the available findings are also conflicting or based on limited reporting, so an association should not be interpreted as proof that every user will develop a rash or irritation. Any new, worsening, blistering, ulcerating, or otherwise severe skin reaction warrants attention to the possibility that an intervention is contributing.
Choosing guidance
For a current or unexplained skin rash or irritation, this set of options is more useful for identifying possible contributors than for selecting a treatment. Most listed interventions are associated with causing skin symptoms, while Aloe Vera is the only option listed as potentially improving them. Its evidence comes from people receiving radiotherapy and involved use over weeks, so it may not apply to irritation from supplements, topical products, exercise, heat, or other causes.
The time course and route matter when comparing options. Topical products can expose the affected area directly, while oral products may be harder to link to a reaction without considering when use began and whether symptoms changed after stopping. Some entries are supported by human clinical research, whereas others rely on anecdotal reports, pharmacology references, theoretical reasoning, or a small study population. These categories should not be treated as interchangeable, and evidence that is relevant to one health status may not transfer to another.
Where studies disagree, a listed association is less settled; Saccharomyces Boulardii is one example marked as having conflicting evidence. For choosing among options, people with a rash may therefore find it most useful to focus on the timing of exposure, whether the product was applied to the skin or taken orally, the population studied, and whether the evidence concerns improvement or possible worsening. A persistent, severe, or spreading reaction is not addressed by this comparison.