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Light therapy

Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation)

Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) is a light-based practice investigated for a range of health goals rather than one single established use. Research spans areas including vision, cognition, metabolic health, and pain, but support differs by outcome: findings in one area should not be taken as evidence for another.

Red Light Therapy, also called photobiomodulation, is a light-based practice.

Overview

Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) is a light-based practice investigated for a range of health goals rather than one single established use. Research spans areas including vision, cognition, metabolic health, and pain, but support differs by outcome: findings in one area should not be taken as evidence for another. The overall research base is broad, yet its breadth does not mean benefits are settled uniformly across all uses. The evidence is best understood as application-specific, with some proposed uses more supported than others.

Well researched: 252 studies. Last checked Oct 9, 2026.

56
human evidence
53
eligible
9
unclassified
5
animal / null result

Best-evidenced uses

1 of 1 flagged interactions are serious or life-threatening·5 variations documented

EvidenceStrong
252
Studies

Evidence checked Oct 9, 2026 · newest study 2026

Study designs:Meta-analysis74Systematic review63RCT87Quasi Experimental2Cohort study6Case series2Case report1Cross Sectional1Pilot study8Narrative review4Animal study4
Study grades:
A
10
B
75
C
136
D
31

402 community reports across 5 platforms

View sources

Coverage

Effects
63
Helps with
60
Side effects
15
Interactions
6
1 high-risk
How to read the evidence

Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound

  • StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
  • ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
  • PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
  • LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
  • InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.

Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real

  • Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
  • HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
  • MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
  • LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
  • Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence

Source — where the data comes from

  • Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
  • RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
  • ClinicalA human clinical study
  • Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
  • Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
  • Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
  • TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested

Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)

  • AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
  • BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
  • CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
  • DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only

Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding

A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement

Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.

Interacts with some medications and supplements — worth checking before combining.See interactions

These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.

What does research say?

What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.

63 claims:16 some evidence11 mixed32 not enough evidence2 not tested in people2 no benefit found

  • Eye and Vision Health SupportSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    11 of 13 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 13 weeks, typically 55.

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found that repeated low-level red light was associated with a 0.31 mm lower change in axial length than control among 6,434 people in the outcome analysis. A separate review found no benefit for its primary outcome in dry age-related macular degeneration overall, although it reported improvement among patients with earlier-stage disease.

    Open the Eye and Vision Health Support page
  • Cognitive Function ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    6 of 7 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found improved global cognitive function among 820 people in the outcome analysis, with a moderate effect. Findings were not consistent across conditions: a review reported no significant difference in MMSE or ADAS-Cog scores in 53 people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.

    Open the Cognitive Function Improvement page
  • Insulin Sensitivity ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found a reduction in HOMA-IR of 0.46 units among 186 people in the outcome analysis. The findings concern people with obesity; another pooled analysis also reported a difference in insulin levels but did not give its size.

    Open the Insulin Sensitivity Improvement page
  • Inflammation ReductionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    22 of 27 studies found a benefit; 5 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session. Trials that found it ran as little as 1 week, typically 9.

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found C-reactive protein was reduced by 0.99 mg/L among 136 people in the outcome analysis. Another pooled analysis reported improvements in salivary cortisol and interleukin-6 measures.

    Open the Inflammation Reduction page
  • Skin Health ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 8 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 3 weeks, typically 5.

    Open the Skin Health Improvement page
  • Weight Management SupportSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 5 weeks, typically 11.

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found waistline measurements were lower by 7.28 cm in the analysis of 347 people. Another review described reductions in body weight, BMI and waist circumference in a single high-intensity laser therapy study of people with obesity, but did not report the size of those changes.

    Open the Weight Management Support page
  • Working Memory ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.

    Open the Working Memory Improvement page
  • Memory ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.

    A 2024 review reported improved visual memory among 48 people with mild cognitive impairment. Another review described improvements in memory, executive function and behavioral performance across studies involving humans and animal models.

    Open the Memory Improvement page

Only reported by users, not studied: Hair Strengthening, Physical Energy Increase, Acne Reduction, Morning Alertness Improvement, and Sleep Onset Improvement.

What to expect

Some outcomes were observed after one session, while benefits in programmes were measured at programme end; across outcomes, the earliest trials ran 0.7 weeks and typical trial lengths ranged from 2 to 55 weeks. Longer-term persistence is not assured: follow-up findings indicate benefits can fade after treatment stops. Side effects were also reported during programmes lasting weeks.

Also studied in people with 60 health conditions

How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.

  • Burning Mouth SyndromeGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in pain and OHIP-14. Another review reported pain reduction.

    Open the Burning Mouth Syndrome page
  • Peripheral NeuropathySome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    10 of 11 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.

    A review of randomized trials reported pain reductions with photobiomodulation compared with sham or control. In a separate review of 14 studies, 13 reported positive effects of low-level laser therapy on sensory recovery.

    Open the Peripheral Neuropathy page
  • Alzheimer's DiseaseSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 7 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    Reviews of human studies reported cognitive improvement in people with Alzheimer's Disease; one also described reduced Aβ plaques and neuroprotective effects in disease models. These findings combine different kinds of studies and do not establish that the reported effects apply uniformly to patients.

    Open the Alzheimer's Disease page
  • Oral Lichen PlanusSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that PBM and HILT improved pain and clinical scores, increased rates of resolution, and reduced recurrence compared with TCS. A meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found PBMT as effective as other interventions, but not superior.

    Open the Oral Lichen Planus page
  • Diabetes Type 2Some evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    4 of 5 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported small periodontal benefits and preliminary metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological effects. Another analysis included 319 people with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis who received photobiomodulation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.

    Open the Diabetes Type 2 page
  • ObesitySome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in BMI, weight, waist circumference, CRP, TC, and HOMA-IR. A separate single trial reported reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and an increase in FVC, when photobiomodulation was added to aerobic exercise.

    Open the Obesity page
  • OsteoarthritisSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported pain reduction with low-level laser therapy, particularly at 904-905 nm, although the evidence quality was low. Another pooled analysis reported pain reduction in all randomized knee trials (k = 27).

    Open the Osteoarthritis page
  • Myopia ProgressionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known

    Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.

    All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.

    A pooled analysis of 41 randomized trials reported that repeated low-level red-light therapy slowed axial length elongation and spherical equivalent progression compared with control. A separate analysis of 9 randomized trials also reported reductions in both measures.

    Open the Myopia Progression page

Before you try it

What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.

Side effects

With weak evidence: Skin Rash / Irritation, Pain, Vision Problems, Headache, Dizziness, Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness), and 9 more.

May not suit you if you have
Porphyria, Recent Stroke, Lupus (SLE), Skin Cancer, Thyroid Disease (General), Hyperthyroidism, and 1 more
Some trials left out people with
Pregnancy, Cancer (General), Breastfeeding, Diabetes (General), and 9 more
Serious interactions with
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Reported by users
Skin Rash / Irritation (16 posts), Vision Problems (7 posts), Pain (5 posts), Digestive Discomfort, and 4 more

General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.

How people do it

A gentle start, then what the studies used.

Start with
4 minutes, 2 times a week (Myopia Control Therapy)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
Build up to
5 minutes, 3 times a week, low intensity (what the studies used)
What the studies ran
5 weeks

The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.

Effects

63 listed

Start here

Most likely to help, from the evidence we have

  1. Eye and Vision Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisLarge effectlong-term13 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found that repeated low-level red light was associated with a 0.31 mm lower change in axial length than control among 6,434 people in the outcome analysis. A separate review found no benefit for its primary outcome in dry age-related macular degeneration overall, although it reported improvement among patients with earlier-stage disease.

    →
  2. Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisSmall effectconflicting findings17 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials found range of motion improved by 12.24 degrees among 214 people in the outcome analysis. Findings differed by condition: a separate analysis found laser treatment was not significantly better than sham treatment for knee function.

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  3. Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect7 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found improved global cognitive function among 820 people in the outcome analysis, with a moderate effect. Findings were not consistent across conditions: a review reported no significant difference in MMSE or ADAS-Cog scores in 53 people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.

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  4. Insulin Sensitivity ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found a reduction in HOMA-IR of 0.46 units among 186 people in the outcome analysis. The findings concern people with obesity; another pooled analysis also reported a difference in insulin levels but did not give its size.

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  5. Inflammation ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCT26 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found C-reactive protein was reduced by 0.99 mg/L among 136 people in the outcome analysis. Another pooled analysis reported improvements in salivary cortisol and interleukin-6 measures.

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  6. Fatigue ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect7 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2025 systematic review of randomized trials found improved fatigue severity, with an SMD of 1.25, but rated the certainty of evidence as low. Findings differed by treatment and measure: a review of 105 people found no benefit of whole-body photobiomodulation for fatigue biomarkers or exercise performance.

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  7. Skin Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectlong-term8 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2023 meta-analysis of randomized trials found lower odds of erythema, edema and desquamation at the end of radiation therapy with photobiomodulation therapy than with sham treatment among 205 people (OR 0.28).

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Medium probability(20)
  1. Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT7 cited studies

    A 2026 meta-analysis reported improvements in range of motion, functional performance and quality of life across the included studies. In a separate review of 30 people, mouth opening increased by 9.91 ± 3.34 mm from day 0 to 15 and by 14.29 ± 6.82 mm from day 1 to 6 months.

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  2. Weight Management SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found waistline measurements were lower by 7.28 cm in the analysis of 347 people. Another review described reductions in body weight, BMI and waist circumference in a single high-intensity laser therapy study of people with obesity, but did not report the size of those changes.

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  3. Working Memory ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectlong-term2 cited studies

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found improved working memory span among 820 people in the outcome analysis (SMD = 1.41). A separate review reported higher accuracy in

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  4. Grip Strength ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials reported improved grip strength: one analysis favored low-level laser therapy over placebo, and another found a difference of MD 5.03 kg [4.29, 5.78] at 4 weeks among 95 people. The findings came from studies involving people with Parkinson’s Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

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  5. Memory ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2024 review reported improved visual memory among 48 people with mild cognitive impairment. Another review described improvements in memory, executive function and behavioral performance across studies involving humans and animal models.

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  6. Antioxidant Protection EnhancementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A 2024 review reported that red and near-infrared photobiomodulation at 4 and 8 J/cm² reduced reactive oxygen species production. It also reported changes in oxidative-stress and mitochondrial biomarkers, including lower MDA, NO and GSH levels.

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  7. Oral Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectconflicting findings24 cited studies

    A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials found photobiomodulation therapy was associated with a lower risk of oral mucositis among 329 people in the outcome analysis (RR 0.50). Findings differed by measure: a separate pooled analysis found no significant improvement in salivary flow.

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  8. Blood Glucose Level SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies · 1 other source

    In people with Diabetes Type 2, pooled randomized trials reported reductions in HbA1c (−1.18%), FPG (22.43 mg/dL) and OGT (−36.6 mg/dL) compared with standard care. Another pooled analysis involving 319 people with Diabetes Type 2 reported improvements in FPG alongside periodontal indices and hs-CRP.

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  9. Physical Endurance IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported small effects on muscle endurance and strength. In a separate trial, the 6-minute walk test improved over time in both groups, with increases of 13.13% and 17.62% in the two photobiomodulation groups.

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  10. Blood Flow ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT4 cited studies · 1 other source

    A review reported increased cerebral perfusion in people with Alzheimer's Disease or dementia. Another reported that, after eight weeks, wound-area blood-flow values increased to +0.42 in diabetic patients and +0.64 in nondiabetic patients, compared with +0.24 in the control group.

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  11. Taste Sensitivity ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    In a trial involving people with cancer, the per-protocol group receiving photobiomodulation reported greater taste preservation (p = 0.034); another trial reported lower pain and taste disturbance by the end of treatment.

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  12. Wound Healing AccelerationCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findingslong-term37 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A 2024 meta-analysis of randomized trials found healing took 3.72 days less in a subgroup analysis of 70 people. Findings differed by wound measure: a 2026 meta-analysis of four trials found photobiomodulation did not significantly reduce ulcer area compared with control.

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  13. Neuroprotective EffectCertaintyMediumSourceRCTconflicting findings12 cited studies

    Reviews reported improvements in tactile sensitivity, pain perception and mechanical responsiveness after laser treatment. Findings differed on nerve changes: a 2025 pooled analysis found no significant between-group change in intraepidermal nerve fiber density, suggesting that symptom improvement did not correspond to measurable nerve regeneration during the study period.

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  14. Bone Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTconflicting findings20 cited studies

    A 2024 pooled analysis reported an increase in bone density, while a 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials found a clinically small reduction in marginal bone loss of 0.09 mm. Findings differed across bone measures; another analysis reported a significant difference in crestal bone loss six months after implant placement.

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  15. Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies · 1 other source

    In a 2025 trial of 120 people, the SF-36 RLEP measure changed by 57.68 with low-level laser therapy versus 29.78 with control before the third month (p<0.001). Findings were not consistent across studies: a review of 43 people with post-concussion symptoms found lower symptom scores with treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant.

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  16. Balance ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinicallong-term5 cited studies

    In studies involving people with Parkinson’s disease, assessments reported improvements in mobility and balance tests, including the Timed Up and Go, Step Test and Single-Leg Stance; 19 people were included in this outcome analysis. A separate randomized trial of 72 reported positive effects on posturography outcomes.

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  17. Immune System SupportCertaintyMediumSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source

    A review reported that, after 24 sessions of photobiomodulation twice a week, people with multiple sclerosis had increased IL-10 and IL-4 and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon and TNF-α. A non-randomized controlled cohort also found a larger decline in anti-TPO antibody levels with photobiomodulation than with supplementation alone.

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  18. Cellular Energy SupportCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A review of three studies reported changes in oxidative metabolism, epithelial barrier integrity, and perfusion. In a pilot using an AlamarBlue viability assay, fluorescence intensity increased by 8 h at 5 J/cm²; this assay finding does not by itself establish a clinical energy benefit.

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  19. Collagen Production StimulationCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2025 trial involving 90 people reported a greater collagen increase in the intervention group than in the comparator group. A 2026 review of animal or lab studies found greater type I collagen deposition with low-level laser therapy than with LED.

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  20. Sexual Function and Libido ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies

    In a pooled analysis involving 20 people, sexual-function scores improved more with near-infrared transcranial photobiomodulation than with sham treatment: the average change was −2.55 ± 1.88 in 9 people versus −0.45 ± 1.21 in 11. A separate pilot study found an overall change in FSFI total scores, but specific comparisons between baseline and later timepoints did not remain statistically significant after the stated correction.

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Low probability(33)
  1. Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials found total cholesterol was lower by MD -23.01 mg/dL [-31.68, -14.35] among 136 people with obesity.

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  2. Triglyceride Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis involving 1,041 people with obesity reported a statistically significant difference in triglycerides. The finding does not establish the direction or size of that difference.

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  3. Allergy Symptom ReliefCertaintyLowSourceRCTModerate effect1 cited study

    A 2024 meta-analysis found lower rhinitis-related quality-of-life questionnaire scores after low-level laser therapy among 125 people with allergic rhinitis (SMD = −0.72).

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  4. Physical Strength IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findings17 cited studies

    A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials found grip strength increased by 1.72 kg compared with control among 128 people in the outcome analysis. Findings differed across studies: another 2025 analysis found no advantage for handgrip strength.

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  5. Physical FunctionCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findings19 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found improved functional outcomes among 314 people in the outcome analysis, although results varied substantially across studies. A separate analysis found laser treatment was not significantly better than sham treatment for knee function.

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  6. Anxiety ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCTconflicting findingslong-term7 cited studies · 1 other source

    Secondary analyses that included 321 patients from five randomized trials reported improvements in anxiety and quality of life. Findings differed in how much improvement they reported: another pooled analysis described only a modest reduction in anxiety.

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  7. Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in salivary cortisol and IL-6 measures.

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  8. Improve Heart Rate Variability (HRV)CertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in several heart-rate variability parameters compared with sham. The studied population included people with type 2 diabetes.

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  9. Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source

    Two studies reported better sleep quality measured by a questionnaire and a commercial sleep tracker. In one analysis of 15 people, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index changed from 1.47 ± 0.99 to 0.82 ± 0.75, indicating decreased sleep latency; the reported difference was MD -0.65 points and was classified as trivial.

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  10. Gut Microbiome Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review of five studies reported favorable shifts in gut microbial communities, including increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing genera such as Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Allobaculum. The studies concerned people with Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, or Parkinson's Disease.

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  11. Ear and Hearing Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    Across studies involving people with Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, VAS scores improved with Nd:YAG treatment (median 5 → 0) and diode laser treatment (8 → 5.5), while placebo showed no change.

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  12. Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalTrivial effectconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations7 cited studies

    A 2025 review reported greater improvement in scores among 13 treatment completers than with sham treatment (mean changes −15.7 ± 4.41 and −6.1 ± 7.86, respectively). Findings differed across measures: a 2023 meta-analysis of randomized trials found no significant effect on negative emotions among 89 people.

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  13. Muscle Recovery AccelerationCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source

    In a trial of 48 participants, creatine kinase peaked at 24 h and declined at 72 h in the photobiomodulation-plus-exercise group, but the between-group interaction was not significant (p = 0.988). A separate trial of 12 participants reported higher countermovement-jump height 48 hours after exercise with treatment.

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  14. Lymphatic System SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinicalLarge effect1 cited study · 1 other source

    In a trial of 25 people with cancer, the active group had less severe external lymphedema at 8-week post-intervention than the control group.

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  15. Muscle RelaxationCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source

    A review reported reduced spasticity across the cited studies, with some also reporting less pain and greater muscle strength. Another review described the effectiveness of photobiomodulation as inconclusive.

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  16. Oxygen Utilization ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A trial involving 32 women with obesity found that VO2 increased by 7% after photobiomodulation compared with before treatment.

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  17. Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    A review of randomized trials reported improved neuropathic signs and patient-reported symptoms with 850 nm LED treatment at 5.28 J/cm². Results varied by treatment: one 940 nm LED arm increased pain around the affected area, while multispectral LED treatment reduced pain within 30 days.

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  18. Reaction Speed IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies involving 40 people reported faster reaction time on a sustained vigilance test. The studies included people with clinical conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Depression and Parkinson’s Disease.

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  19. Respiratory Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    A trial involving 62 people with allergic rhinitis reported improved peak nasal inspir

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  20. Smell Sensitivity ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a study involving 7 people, 2 showed objective improvement from total anosmia to severe microsmia.

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  21. Concentration ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies involving 40 people found a within-person change in the number of correct trials on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. The studies included people with clinical conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Depression and Parkinson’s Disease.

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  22. Muscle Mass IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review of human studies reported improved masseter muscle thickness in children with spastic cerebral palsy. This finding concerns a specific muscle and population, rather than general muscle mass.

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  23. Antiviral EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source

    For Herpes Simplex, two trials reported fewer recurrences after photobiomodulation than after control interventions, while another trial found no difference.

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  24. Hemoglobin Level SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial involving 30 people with pneumonia, hematocrit increased from 32.60 to 39.14 % (p = 0.0105; g = 0.66).

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  25. Blood Pressure SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled review of studies involving 169 people with Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) reported a systolic blood pressure reduction of MD -15.87 mmHg [-27.11, -4.64]. The studies had considerable heterogeneity (I^2 = 92%).

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  26. Lung Capacity ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial involving 30 people with pneumonia, maximum inspiratory pressure changed from -40 to -65.3 cmH 2 O.

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  27. Nitric Oxide Production IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A pooled review involving 33 people with Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) reported an increase in NOx of MD 12.63 μM [2.97, 22.28]. The studies had considerable heterogeneity (I^2 = 94%).

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  28. Resting Heart Rate ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review reported that four weeks of laser acupuncture was associated with decreased heart rate compared with control in studies involving people with hypertension. The finding was described as having very low-certainty evidence.

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  29. Thyroid Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In human studies of people with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, photobiomodulation was associated with a decrease in LT4 dose (p = 0.03).

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  30. Muscle Cramp ReliefCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    In a trial involving 26 people with Peripheral Neuropathy, the proportion reporting cramps on the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) symptom checklist fell from 73.1% to 11.5% (p < 0.001).

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  31. Muscle Soreness Reduction (DOMS)CertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source

    A narrative review described low-level laser therapy as improving muscular performance and soreness recovery, but no human evidence is reported for this effect.

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  32. Tissue Elasticity ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticallong-termnot used for recommendations1 other source

    A proposed effect is increased elastin fiber synthesis and improved skin elasticity in photoaged skin after 8–12 weeks of treatment.

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  33. Mitochondrial Function SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticallong-termnot used for recommendations1 other source

    A proposed mechanism is that red and near-infrared light is absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria, enhancing ATP production and reducing oxidative stress.

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Very low probability(3)
  1. Analgesic EffectCertaintyVery lowSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-termnot used for recommendations134 cited studies · 2 other sources

    A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials found pain intensity was 0.89 points lower with photobiomodulation among 373 people in the outcome analysis; another found greater pain relief with high-intensity laser therapy than with topical corticosteroids among 203 people. Results differed across studies: a separate analysis of 162 people found a trend toward pain reduction that was not statistically significant.

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  2. HDL Cholesterol IncreaseCertaintyVery lowSourceRCTnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    No human evidence is reported for an increase in HDL cholesterol; the cited research concerns people with obesity.

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  3. Body Composition ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceRCTnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source

    No human evidence is reported for improved body composition.

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5 more mentioned only by users

What to expect

Some outcomes were observed after one session, while benefits in programmes were measured at programme end; across outcomes, the earliest trials ran 0.7 weeks and typical trial lengths ranged from 2 to 55 weeks. Longer-term persistence is not assured: follow-up findings indicate benefits can fade after treatment stops. Side effects were also reported during programmes lasting weeks.

Conditions it's used for

Complaints and diagnoses people take it for60 listed

Highest probability, strongest evidence

  1. Burning Mouth SyndromeCertaintyHighSourceRCT4 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in pain and OHIP-14. Another review reported pain reduction (eSMD -0.92, 95% CI -1.38 to -0.46).

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Medium probability(21)
  1. Oral Lichen PlanusCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysis4 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that PBM and HILT improved pain and clinical scores, increased rates of resolution, and reduced recurrence compared with TCS. A meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found PBMT as effective as other interventions, but not superior.

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  2. Myopia ProgressionCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysis2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of 41 randomized trials reported that repeated low-level red-light therapy slowed axial length elongation and spherical equivalent progression compared with control. A separate analysis of 9 randomized trials also reported reductions in both measures.

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  3. Peripheral NeuropathyCertaintyMediumSourceRCT11 cited studies

    A review of randomized trials reported pain reductions with photobiomodulation compared with sham or control. In a separate review of 14 studies, 13 reported positive effects of low-level laser therapy on sensory recovery.

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  4. Alzheimer's DiseaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCT7 cited studies

    Reviews of human studies reported cognitive improvement in people with Alzheimer's Disease; one also described reduced Aβ plaques and neuroprotective effects in disease models. These findings combine different kinds of studies and do not establish that the reported effects apply uniformly to patients.

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  5. Diabetes Type 2CertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported small periodontal benefits and preliminary metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological effects. Another analysis included 319 people with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis who received photobiomodulation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.

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  6. ObesityCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported improvements in BMI, weight, waist circumference, CRP, TC, and HOMA-IR. A separate single trial reported reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and an increase in FVC, when photobiomodulation was added to aerobic exercise.

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  7. OsteoarthritisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported pain reduction with low-level laser therapy, particularly at 904-905 nm, although the evidence quality was low. Another pooled analysis reported pain reduction in all randomized knee trials (k = 27).

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  8. FibromyalgiaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A review of randomized trials found fatigue reduction (eSMD 1.25, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.87), while evidence for improvements in FIQ and stiffness was low certainty. Another review noted a benefit from a single trial.

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  9. Herpes SimplexCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of six randomized trials in people with herpes labialis reported benefit compared with conventional antiviral treatment. For recurrence prevention, a review found benefit on frequency in two of three trials.

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  10. Mild Cognitive ImpairmentCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies

    A pooled analysis reported moderate-certainty cognitive improvement (eSMD 0.49, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.84). A separate review described improved working memory in a single trial of transcranial high-intensity laser therapy.

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  11. Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 16 studies reported reduced nasal symptoms and RQLQ scores after low-level laser therapy, but the comparison with placebo was not significant. A separate RCT in 62 patients reported improvement in nasal parameters compared with a sham device.

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  12. Androgenetic AlopeciaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2025 systematic review pooling randomized trials found increased hair density (eSMD 1.32, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.63). A 2021 review also reported increased hair count and density compared with sham.

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  13. TendinitisCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A review of randomized trials reported pain reduction (eSMD 0.16, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.24), with low certainty. Pooled animal or laboratory studies also reported changes in cytokine profiles, collagen ratio, and tensile strength in acute tendon rupture models; those results are not human findings.

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  14. TMJ DisorderCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of 40 randomized trials in adults with temporomandibular disorders reported improvements in pain and jaw function. Another review estimated pain reduction at eSMD -0.56 (95% CI -0.83 to -0.29), with low certainty.

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  15. Oral MucositisCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies

    A 2024 review found reduced mucositis severity in all four included randomized trials. Other clinical trials in people with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy also reported reduced incidence and severity.

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  16. DepressionCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies

    A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved outcomes when photobiomodulation was combined with exposure therapy, pharmacotherapy, or environmental enrichment. A separate preclinical finding involved a chronic unpredictable mild stress model, so it does not establish an effect in people with depression.

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  17. Generalized Anxiety DisorderCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A single-arm study of 15 people reported improvements in CGI-S, HAM-A, and PSQI, but had no control group. A separate review listed Generalized Anxiety Disorder as a target condition without reporting a pooled efficacy result.

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  18. Hashimoto's ThyroiditisCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    In a randomized trial of 60 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis who were taking levothyroxine, photobiomodulation improved fatigue, sleep, behavioural status, and pain compared with sham. A review of six clinical studies also described outcomes involving autoantibodies, levothyroxine dose, and thyroid structure, but characterized the evidence as limited and heterogeneous.

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  19. Multiple SclerosisCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2024 review of human trials and animal studies reported improvements in motor, sensory, and cognitive function, alongside changes in inflammatory and oxidative markers. Its animal-study analysis also reported reduced clinical severity of EAE, but noted high risk of bias and limited studies.

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  20. Traumatic Brain InjuryCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A review described improvements in PSV, Stroop, and CVLT scores in open studies and MRI diffusion changes in a randomized trial, but RPQ did not significantly improve. The review also reported mixed results from NEST trials in ischemic stroke; it did not provide a pooled efficacy result for traumatic brain injury.

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  21. Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)CertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies

    Clinical trials in people with head and neck cancer reported reduced xerostomia severity and improved quality of life. One study also reported improved salivary flow with both 685nm and 830nm wavelengths.

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Low probability(35)
  1. Parkinson's DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceRCT6 cited studies

    Clinical studies have reported improvements in mobility, balance, cognition, and smell sensitivity, while animal studies reported restored locomotor activity and reduced dopaminergic degeneration. However, a pooled analysis of randomized trials found no statistically significant or MCID-exceeding motor benefit, and the studies disagree.

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  2. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceRCT5 cited studies

    A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials found improved functionality, but no significant changes in pain or grip strength. A separate 2025 re-analysis reported no significant effect, so the findings disagree.

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  3. OsteoporosisCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A pooled analysis reported benefit in 2 trials, with lumbar bone density improving only when high-intensity laser therapy was followed by exercise therapy.

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  4. Plantar FasciitisCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2026 meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials found reduced heel tenderness, but not overall pain or function; it described photobiomodulation as an adjunct. A 2025 re-analysis reported no significant effect, so findings disagree.

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  5. Rheumatoid ArthritisCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies

    A 2024 meta-analysis of randomized trials found improved grip strength and morning stiffness, but no significant pain relief. Findings disagree with a 2025 review, which found no significant difference between photobiomodulation and sham for pain, stiffness, grip strength, functional capacity, inflammation, or activity.

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  6. Anxiety Disorder (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A meta-analysis noted potential benefit for anxious individuals, but anxiety was not analyzed separately. This does not establish an effect specifically for Anxiety Disorder (General).

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  7. Back PainCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis reported pain reduction in all randomized spine and neuromuscular trials (k = 20).

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  8. Chronic Fatigue SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2026 review pooling randomized trials reported pain reduction and improved tender point counts with photobiomodulation compared with placebo.

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  9. Coronary Artery DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review reported reduced troponin in a single trial, with no change in left ventricular ejection fraction.

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  10. COVID-19CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review reported that a single trial found fewer long-term sequelae and greater restoration of taste in groups receiving high-intensity laser therapy.

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  11. EndometriosisCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A review noted a benefit from a single trial; it did not provide further details of the outcome.

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  12. Neck PainCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A 2025 review pooling randomized trials reported low-certainty findings for pain reduction and improved pressure pain threshold.

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  13. Overactive BladderCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    In an RCT, 160 participants had reductions in UUI and incontinence episodes compared with sham. The finding relates to these outcomes; it does not establish effects on other bladder symptoms.

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  14. Trigeminal NeuralgiaCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study

    A pooled analysis of nine randomized trials, all enrolling people with trigeminal neuralgia, reported pain reduction with photobiomodulation.

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  15. Bone FractureCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2025 re-analysis reported no significant effect. A separate trial protocol proposed testing a hypothesized benefit but did not report treatment results.

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  16. MenopauseCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A randomized trial in participants selected for one or more genitourinary symptoms of menopause reported improvements in vaginal dryness and burning. A separate pilot study of 27 participants, all with these symptoms and without a control group, reported improved vaginal health and symptom scores over the treatment course.

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  17. TinnitusCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    A 2025 review reported short-term reductions in tinnitus severity and handicap across randomized trials and quasi-experimental studies. A 2025 re-analysis found no significant effect, so findings disagree.

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  18. ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved outcomes when photobiomodulation was combined with exercise, a magnetic field, or other agents, but one ALS study found no benefit.

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  19. Sickle Cell AnemiaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    Case and pilot studies in people with sickle cell anemia and leg ulcers reported reduced ulcer area, more granulation tissue, and reduced pain.

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  20. Chronic PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A randomized trial of 52 adults with chronic trapezius pain and confirmed myofascial trigger points found mixed results: function improved, but pain did not.

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  21. Chronic Venous InsufficiencyCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2024 cohort study found improved pain after a single photobiomodulation session in 18/20 people with chronic leg ulcers; the study included 20 patients.

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  22. Dry Eye SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2023 randomized controlled trial involving 100 people found improved OSDI and TBUT scores compared with sham.

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  23. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 review reported reductions in SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR, but the findings had very low certainty and high risk of bias.

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  24. Low LibidoCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A secondary analysis of a randomized trial reported improvement in the SAFTEE sex total score compared with sham.

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  25. Major Depressive DisorderCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review listed major depressive disorder as a target condition but reported no pooled efficacy result for it in the abstract.

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  26. PneumoniaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A randomized trial of 30 people with community-acquired pneumonia reported improvements in pulmonary and clinical status when photobiomodulation was added to conventional therapy.

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  27. Retinitis PigmentosaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2024 pilot study involving 12 people found improved BCVA and trends in visual field, without adverse effects reported in the study.

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  28. Sjögren's SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A randomized trial of 50 people with Sjögren's disease and dry mouth found a marginal trend at week 8 that was not statistically significant and did not persist to week 12.

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  29. Urinary IncontinenceCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A randomized trial in postmenopausal women with urinary incontinence reported less urinary loss with photobiomodulation than with placebo.

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  30. Impaired Wound HealingCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A review found mixed results: studies reported reduced healing time in venous leg ulcers and greater wound closure, while another found no significant difference for decubitus ulcers.

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  31. StrokeCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved functional mobility and cognitive function, and reduced disability, when photobiomodulation was combined with magnetic, electromagnetic, or neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The reported effects were for combined treatments, not photobiomodulation alone.

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  32. Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)CertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A 2024 review discusses photobiomodulation as a potential adjunct for managing sarcopenia in older adults, while noting that more research is needed.

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  33. AcneCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Red light therapy is described as reducing acne lesions by decreasing inflammation and sebum production, with use framed for mild to moderate acne.

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  34. DementiaCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source

    Photobiomodulation is described as a potential non-pharmacological approach to slowing cognitive decline in early neurodegenerative conditions.

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Very low probability(3)
  1. Chronic Kidney DiseaseCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A crossover trial of 15 people found no significant change in strength, fatigue, lactate, or pain after a single photobiomodulation session. The studies did not support the proposed benefit for chronic kidney disease.

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  2. Hearing LossCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    The studies did not support a general benefit for hearing loss: a 2025 review found audiometric improvements mainly in moderate hearing loss, with minimal changes in severe cases.

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  3. SchizophreniaCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study

    A randomized trial of 32 people found no significant difference in MMSE or total PANSS scores; only the depression/anxiety item improved. The studies did not support an overall benefit for schizophrenia.

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Side effects

15 listed

Highest probability

  1. Skin Rash / IrritationCertaintyLowSourceClinical10 cited studies · 1 other source

    A 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin rash, while a 2026 pooled analysis of randomized trials reported skin irritation. The studies involved people being treated for allergic rhinitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, myopia progression, or peripheral neuropathy.

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  2. PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical10 cited studies · 1 other source

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported ocular pain, while a 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported nasal pain. These findings came from studies involving several different conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, allergic rhinitis, cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and myopia progression.

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  3. Vision ProblemsCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source

    Pooled randomized and non-randomized human studies reported retinal damage, while pooled randomized trials reported transient visual blurring. These findings concern different visual outcomes.

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  4. HeadacheCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies

    A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported headache, as did a 2024 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies. The studies involved people with a range of conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, allergic rhinitis, chronic pain, depression, and Parkinson's disease.

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  5. DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies

    Pooled analyses reported dizziness in studies involving people with Parkinson's Disease; one described minor dizziness during a session.

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  6. Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)CertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies

    Pooled randomized trials reported temporary tingling sensations, including in studies involving people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic Pain, or Peripheral Neuropathy.

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  7. Muscle Ache (Myalgia)CertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies

    Studies in people with Parkinson's disease reported temporary leg weakness in a pooled analysis of randomized trials. A separate 2026 systematic review of randomized trials reported a mild, transient increase in pain or muscular tension with PBMT-sMF.

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Low probability(8)
  1. Allergic ReactionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported allergic conjunctivitis.

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  2. Light SensitivityCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported photophobia, or light sensitivity.

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  3. Bruising (Ecchymosis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized trials involving people with carpal tunnel syndrome or osteoarthritis reported bruising.

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  4. Inflammation IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized trials in people with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) reported mild hyperemia.

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  5. Increased PhotosensitivityCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized trials in people with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) reported photophobia, or light sensitivity.

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  6. Physical FatigueCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported fatigue among findings from studies involving people with Alzheimer's Disease, Anxiety Disorder (General), Depression, Low Libido, Parkinson's Disease, Schizophrenia, or Traumatic Brain Injury.

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  7. Heat IllnessCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source

    High-power red and near-infrared panels and enclosed full-body beds give off heat, so long or close sessions can overheat the body, particularly in people who do not tolerate heat well.

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  8. Hair Loss (Alopecia)CertaintyLowSourceReview1 cited study

    A 2021 review described temporary telogen effluvium in people with Androgenetic Alopecia.

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5 more mentioned only by users

Don't do it if

When to skip it or get medical advice first7 listed

Highest probability

  1. Thyroid Disease (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study

    A systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies advises caution with photobiomodulation in people with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis until more safety evidence is available. This is a precaution based on limited data, not a tested contraindication.

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  2. PorphyriaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Porphyrias can involve extreme sensitivity to light, including visible wavelengths, and red light therapy could provoke a painful reaction.

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  3. Recent StrokeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    High-intensity transcranial photobiomodulation during the acute phase after a stroke may alter cerebral blood flow unpredictably. Its safety has not been established in unstable cerebrovascular states.

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  4. Lupus (SLE)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    People with Lupus (SLE) may be sensitive to visible light, so red light therapy could potentially trigger a disease flare.

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  5. Skin CancerCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical

    Direct irradiation of malignant skin lesions is generally avoided because of a theoretical risk of stimulating tumor growth, although red light therapy is not carcinogenic.

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  6. HyperthyroidismCertaintyLowSourceReview1 cited study

    A 2025 review lists Hyperthyroidism as a contraindication; this is a review-based precaution rather than a reported finding from a tested outcome.

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  7. PregnancyCertaintyLowSourceReview1 cited study

    A 2025 review lists Pregnancy as a contraindication; this is a review-based precaution rather than a reported finding from a tested outcome.

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Who the trials left out

Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm. Ask a clinician first.26 listed
Left out by one trial each (13)

When you stop

Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing4 listed

Highest probability

  1. Eye and Vision Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceClinicalloss of benefit2 cited studies

    A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a rebound after RLRL therapy: during treatment, AL and SER increased by 0.01 mm and 0.05 D, respectively, while within 3 months after treatment they increased by 0.16 mm and −0.20 D. An RCT of 108 people also found a significant rebound in AL growth after 1-year RRLT cessation.

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Low probability(3)
  1. Ear and Hearing Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study

    A systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies found that the benefit typically waned by three to six months: mean VAS improved from 8.0 to 5.5 at three months, then returned to 7.5 by six months.

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  2. Analgesic EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study

    In an RCT of 93 people, 37 (54.4 %) experienced pain recurrence within 2.55-5.33 months post-treatment.

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  3. Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study

    An RCT of 46 people found no difference in mouth opening between groups at the six-month follow-up.

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3 more mentioned only by users

Interactions

Dangerous combinations

Highest severity first

  1. Antiarrhythmic DrugsTheoreticalSerious

    Amiodarone can cause photosensitivity and blue-gray skin discoloration. Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) may exacerbate phototoxic skin reactions and tissue damage.

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Okay to combine with

Highest probability of useful synergy

  1. SupplementsOmega-3CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary

    Omega-3 is described as potentially complementing Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) by reducing baseline inflammation and enhancing cell-membrane fluidity, which may improve cellular response to light. The proposed result is stronger anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

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  2. PracticesStrength TrainingCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary

    Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) applied before or after Strength Training is described as potentially supporting muscle recovery, reducing soreness, and improving strength gains.

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  3. PracticesDerma Rolling (Microneedling)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating

    Derma Rolling (Microneedling) creates microchannels that may allow light to penetrate more deeply; paired with Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation), it is also described as potentially stimulating collagen production.

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  4. SupplementsCaffeineCertaintyMediumSourceAnecdotalComplementary

    The stated pairing is caffeine with 600mg of nicotinamide riboside; it does not describe an effect of caffeine on Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation).

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  5. PracticesMeditationCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary

    Combining Meditation with Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) is proposed to enhance parasympathetic activation and neuroplasticity, which may support mood and cognitive benefits.

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How it works

The mechanisms this practice works through25 listed · 4 established

Established mechanisms

  • Cytochrome C oxidaseMitochondrial functionestablished

    Photobiomodulation activates cytochrome C oxidase, triggering a cascade of reactions including increased ATP production, dissociation of NO from binding sites, and regulation of oxidative stress.

    PMID 39061982PMID 39225877PMID 39439950+9 more in Sources

  • Cytochrome C oxidaseMitochondrial photobiomodulationestablished

    Light absorption by cytochrome c oxidase enhances ATP production, modulates oxidative stress, stimulates collagen synthesis, promotes growth factor release, and activates cell signaling pathways.

    PMID 39788573PMID 40604734PMID 41540806

  • ATP productionmitochondrial activityestablished

    PBM stimulates mitochondrial activity, enhancing ATP production and supporting cell repair.

    PMID 41306654PMID 41710353

  • Cytochrome c oxidaseMitochondrial ATP productionestablished

    Red and near-infrared light absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase facilitates electron transport and ATP synthesis.

    PMID 36722207PMID 40249460

Proposed mechanisms

  • ATP productionmitochondrial functionproposed

    VPBM stimulates mitochondrial components, increasing ATP synthesis and improving oxygen utilization.

    PMID 39730820PMID 40095881

  • Cytochrome C oxidaseMitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) activationproposed

    PBM acts on mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase, activating secondary signalling pathways leading to increased levels of ATP, cAMP and reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting tissue regeneration.

    PMID 37799759PMID 39294629

  • Pro-inflammatory cytokinesAnti-inflammatoryproposed

    PBM reduces inflammation by improving microcirculation, stimulating angiogenesis, inhibiting inflammatory cells and cytokines, and enhancing ATP synthesis.

    PMID 39457676PMID 40371595

  • reactive oxygen species (ROS)oxidative stressproposed

    PBM upregulates ROS, impacting cellular redox state and activating redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP-1.

    PMID 40186373PMID 41658589

  • ATP production, tissue repair, microcirculationPhotobiomodulationproposed

    LLLT enhances ATP production, tissue repair, and microcirculation, modulates inflammatory markers, and inhibits pain transmission by downregulating TRPV1 and CGRP expression.

    PMID 40725907

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) productionMitochondrial functionproposed

    LLLT increases ATP production and induces transcription factors, leading to increased cell proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, collagen synthesis, and granulation tissue formation.

    PMID 39610644

  • Cytochrome C oxidaseMitochondrial biostimulationproposed

    Red-spectrum radiation stimulates mitochondrial biostimulation, enhancing cellular metabolism through ATP production, protein synthesis, oxidative respiration, and increased oxygen consumption.

    PMID 40002682

  • Cytochrome C oxidase (CCO)Mitochondrial metabolismproposed

    NIR light absorbed by CCO in mitochondria, stimulating respiratory chain, reducing oxidative stress, increasing transmembrane potential, and neural reactivity.

    PMID 40137870

  • Cytochrome oxidaseMitochondrial functionproposed

    Light energy activates cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondrial membrane, increasing synthesis of metabolic energy and oxygen consumption necessary for cell repair.

    PMID 40741271

  • Cytochrome-c oxidase (Complex IV)Mitochondrial biostimulationproposed

    Absorption of near-infrared photons enhances electron transport, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation, increasing ATP production for axonal repair and remyelination.

    PMID 41273740

  • Diseased tissuePhotothermal effectsproposed

    HILT uses photothermal effects to coagulate, vaporize, and excise diseased tissue, influencing cell proliferation and growth factor release, reducing pain and promoting healing.

    PMID 40108006

  • Inflammation, granulation tissue, fibroblast/keratinocyte proliferation, collagen synthesisWound healingproposed

    PBMT accelerates wound healing by reducing inflammation, enhancing granulation tissue, and stimulating fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis.

    PMID 41010333

  • Inflammatory cytokines, β-endorphin, EGFPhotobiomodulationproposed

    PBM enhances wound healing and reduces pain and inflammation by stimulating β-endorphin secretion, increasing EGF expression, and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels.

    PMID 40108006

  • Lymphatic contractilityLymphatic functionproposed

    LLLT increases lymphatic contractility by promoting lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic motility, relaxing fibrotic tissues, and increasing macrophage activity.

    PMID 40741271

  • Mitochondrial chromophores (cytochrome-C oxidase)Photochemical mechanismproposed

    Low-power light radiation transfers energy to mitochondrial chromophores, activating the respiratory chain and increasing ATP production, which may promote tissue healing.

    PMID 39336889

  • Mitochondrial cytochromes and porphyrinsPhotobiomodulationproposed

    Light energy absorbed by cytochromes and porphyrins in mitochondria activates cellular pathways promoting cell proliferation and differentiation, accelerating regeneration, and regulating inflammation and pain.

    PMID 40316940

  • Mitochondrial respiratory chainPhotobiomodulationproposed

    LLLT increases ATP content, promotes angiogenesis and collagen fiber synthesis, and alters cell activity by influencing the mitochondrial respiratory chain or membrane calcium channels.

    PMID 41339991

  • OsteoblastsOsteoblast differentiationproposed

    Low-level lasers stimulate osteoblast differentiation by increasing concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and bone morphogenetic protein, promoting bone formation.

    PMID 41339991

  • OsteoblastsMitochondrial signalingproposed

    PBMT modulates cellular energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and growth factor expression, promoting osteoblast proliferation and accelerating extracellular matrix synthesis.

    PMID 41598551

  • Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, growth factorsBone repair and regenerationproposed

    Infrared and near-infrared laser irradiations enhance bone repair via direct effects (stimulating osteoblast proliferation, inhibiting osteoclast activity, increasing fibroblast proliferation/differentiation, upregulating bone growth factors) and indirect effects (promoting ion exchange, enhancing mineralization, increasing NO, improving vascularity and lymphatic circulation).

    PMID 39204116

  • oral mucosal tissuephotobiomodulationproposed

    LLLT exerts biological effects through photochemical and photobiomodulatory mechanisms rather than thermal ablation, promoting analgesia, accelerating tissue healing, and modulating inflammation.

    PMID 41286369

Variations

5 documented

Typical protocol

171 protocolsEstimated

Across every study of this practice, whatever the variation.

5 min · 2.8×/week

Course
5 weeks
Rounds
1–4
Sets
1
Reps
10
Intensity
Low
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 123 repeated-course and 41 single-session protocols

69% of the corpus contributed

Myopia Control Therapy

Beginner9/10supervision recommended4–5 min · Twice a day

4–5 min · Twice a day

Editorial
How often
Twice a day
Intensity
Very low
Time of day
Split through the day
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

This variation is intended for children and adolescents being monitored for changes in eye length, using a specific 650nm device. It is distinct from general red light therapy because it targets myopia progression with brief, repeated eye-directed sessions.

Equipment: 650nm red light therapy device, eye protection (if not integrated)

not in pregnancy

As studied

5 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

4–4.6 min

Course
5 weeks
Rounds
2–9
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

A repeated course

Derived from3964565140371595410472744182647742278869

How it's done5 steps · 2 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Sit comfortably in a well-lit room and position the device at the manufacturer's specified distance from your eyes.
  2. Turn on the device and ensure the red light is emitting steadily.
  3. Keep your eyes open and look directly into the light source for the full 3-minute session.
  4. After the session, turn off the device and rest your eyes for a moment.
  5. Repeat the session later in the day, ensuring at least 4 hours between treatments.

Cues

  • · Maintain a relaxed, steady gaze; avoid squinting.
  • · Keep the device clean and free of dust.

Common mistakes

  • Closing eyes during the session, which reduces efficacy.
  • Performing both daily sessions too close together.
  • Using a device with an unverified or incorrect wavelength.

Pain Relief & Inflammation Reduction

Intermediate8/106–10 min · 3 times a week

6–10 min · 3 times a week

From studies
How often
3 times a week
Intensity
Moderate
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

This protocol directs a high-power LED or laser at a localized area of musculoskeletal pain, joint discomfort, or inflammation. The description focuses on targeted application to issues such as arthritis, muscle soreness, or tendonitis.

Equipment: Handheld red/NIR laser or high-power LED device

not in pregnancy

As studied

14 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

6–10 min

Course
5 weeks
Longest single session studied
11 min
Rounds
1–2
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 9 repeated-course and 5 single-session protocols

Derived from3840557639024251390960214024946040299985+9 more in Sources

How it's done5 steps · 2 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Identify the specific area of pain or inflammation.
  2. Place the device's emitter in direct, gentle contact with the skin over the target area.
  3. Turn on the device and hold it stationary, or move it slowly in a small, overlapping grid pattern.
  4. Treat the area for the prescribed time per point, usually 30 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on the device's power.
  5. Repeat on other affected areas as needed, but do not exceed the total recommended session time.

Cues

  • · Apply light pressure to ensure good skin contact.
  • · The treatment should feel warm but never hot or painful.

Common mistakes

  • Moving the device too quickly, which prevents adequate energy delivery.
  • Treating an area for too long, which can cause skin irritation.
  • Using a device with insufficient power density for deep tissue penetration.
Studied protocols15 on file
  • 10 min· 2×/week· 4 weeks· Rounds 1· n=32· A repeated coursePMID 40249460
  • 7 min· 2×/week· 5 weeks· n=20· A repeated coursePMID 41670118
  • 10 min· 7×/week· 12 weeks· Rounds 1· n=42· A repeated coursePMID 40299985
  • 6 min· 14×/week· 65 weeks· Rounds 2· n=2638· A repeated coursePMID 40880774
  • 10 min· 3.5×/week· 4 weeks· Rounds 1· n=11· A repeated coursePMID 41010333
  • 10 min· 7×/week· 7 weeks· n=85· A repeated coursePMID 42360517

Showing 6 of 15 — the rest are in Sources

Skin Rejuvenation & Anti-Aging

Beginner8/1014–20 min · 3 times a week

14–20 min · 3 times a week

Editorial
How often
3 times a week
Intensity
Low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

This cosmetic approach applies red or near-infrared light directly to facial skin, with the aim of improving complexion and fine lines. It is described for adults seeking skin-related cosmetic changes, rather than for eye or musculoskeletal conditions.

Equipment: LED face mask or panel (red/NIR)

not in pregnancy

As studied

8 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

14–20 min

Course
6 weeks
Rounds
4
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

A repeated course

Derived from3528360135389054388901863986060040275275+3 more in Sources

How it's done5 steps · 2 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Cleanse your face thoroughly and pat dry.
  2. Position the LED mask or panel so it comfortably covers your face, ensuring the lights are 6-12 inches away if using a panel.
  3. Turn on the device and select the red light or combined red/NIR setting.
  4. Relax with your eyes closed for the duration of the session, typically 10-20 minutes.
  5. After the session, turn off the device and apply your regular serum or moisturizer.

Cues

  • · Keep the skin bare; no makeup or sunscreen during the session.
  • · Consistency is key; stick to your weekly schedule.

Common mistakes

  • Using the device over makeup or skincare products, which can block light absorption.
  • Overusing the device beyond recommended times, which does not accelerate results.
  • Neglecting eye protection if the device is very bright.
Studied protocols1 on file
  • 14 min· 2.5×/week· 5 weeks· n=30· A repeated coursePMID 38890186

Body Contouring & Fat Reduction

Beginner7/1020–30 min · 2 times a week

20–30 min · 2 times a week

Editorial
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Minimal

This variation applies red and infrared light to larger areas such as the abdomen, thighs, or arms, with the aim of reducing circumference. It is framed as a complement to diet and exercise, not a standalone approach.

Equipment: Full-body or large-panel red/NIR LED device

not in pregnancy

As studied

6 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

30–32 min

Course
5 weeks
Rounds
1
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 4 repeated-course and 1 single-session protocols

Derived from3973082040186373410608704122843042172262+1 more in Sources

How it's done5 steps · 2 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Expose the target body area (e.g., abdomen, thighs) completely.
  2. Position the LED panel 6-12 inches from the skin, ensuring full coverage of the area.
  3. Turn on the device and relax for the 15-30 minute session.
  4. Rotate your body halfway through if the panel does not cover the full circumference.
  5. Hydrate well after the session to support metabolic processes.

Cues

  • · Keep the skin clean and free of lotions or oils.
  • · Maintain a consistent distance from the panel throughout the session.

Common mistakes

  • Expecting results without a complementary healthy diet and exercise.
  • Wearing clothing that blocks the light.
  • Using a panel with insufficient power output for deep tissue penetration.
Studied protocols6 on file

Oral Health & Recovery

Advanced6/10supervision recommended1–3 min · 2 times a week

1–3 min · 2 times a week

From studies
How often
2 times a week
Intensity
Low
Time of day
Any time
Where
Indoors
Research depth
Moderate

This specialized application uses a targeted probe on oral tissue, for concerns such as mouth ulcers, recovery after dental procedures, or burning mouth syndrome. It is described for professional guidance or use with a device designed specifically for oral treatment.

Equipment: Intraoral red light therapy probe, Protective eyewear

not for children,not in pregnancy

As studied

16 protocolsEstimated

The protocol the studies of this variation actually used.

~40 s–2.7 min

Course
3 weeks
Rounds
1.8–5
Sets
1
Reps
10
Intensity
Low
Format
Individual
Supervision
Instructor-led

Courses and single sessions · 12 repeated-course and 4 single-session protocols

Derived from3890922939767940398470873988826740147122+11 more in Sources

How it's done5 steps · 2 cues · 3 common mistakes

A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.

Steps

  1. Ensure the intraoral probe is clean and disinfected.
  2. Position the probe's tip directly against the affected oral tissue (e.g., ulcer, surgical site).
  3. Activate the device and hold it stationary for the prescribed time per point, typically 20-60 seconds.
  4. Treat all affected points in the mouth systematically.
  5. Clean the probe thoroughly after each use.

Cues

  • · Use a mirror to ensure accurate placement.
  • · Breathe slowly and steadily through your nose.

Common mistakes

  • Applying excessive pressure, which can irritate sensitive tissue.
  • Sharing an unsterilized intraoral device.
  • Treating an undiagnosed oral lesion without a dentist's evaluation.
Studied protocols17 on file
  • 1 min· 3×/week· 3 weeks· n=30· A repeated coursePMID 39888267
  • 40 s· 2×/week· 5 weeks· Rounds 1· n=81· A repeated coursePMID 40147122
  • 2.7 min· 2×/week· 3 weeks· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 41910812
  • 2.7 min· 2×/week· 3 weeks· Rounds 8· n=97· A repeated coursePMID 40722630
  • 1.5 min· 3.5×/week· 4 weeks· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 42338379
  • 2 min· 1 week· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 40346266

Showing 6 of 17 — the rest are in Sources

How to start

Community experience

Based on 402 public posts from Reddit, YouTube, Phoenix Rising, Bluesky, and Hacker News.

Signal found81 signals5 platforms
Reddit 267YouTube 72Phoenix Rising 41Bluesky 14Hacker News 8

What people report it did

33 outcomes mentioned across 402 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.

Reported side effects8

Reported after stopping3

What people report doing

Counted from public posts and videos, not from a survey. Each figure counts the posts that mentioned it — most reports say nothing about schedule.

How often2 mentions

Daily2

Where4 mentions

Clinic2At home2

Session lengthas written

“10 minutes”“30 minutes”

How long they've practisedas written

“1 week”“5 years”

References

282 screened · 252 analysed · 254 listed below

Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.

  1. Effect of Local Laser Therapy on Plantar Fasciitis: A Meta-Analysis.J Clin Med2026Meta-analysisAn=784
  2. The Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Perineal Pain and Wound Healing After Episiotomy-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Clin Med2026Meta-analysisA
  3. Photobiomodulation associated with physical exercise in shoulder impingement syndrome. Systematic review with meta-analysis.Photochem Photobiol2026Meta-analysisAn=523
  4. Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy Irradiation Intensity, Frequency, and Duration on Pain, and Functional Improvements in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder.Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg2026Meta-analysisA
  5. Is Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation Effective and Safe for Age-Related Macular Degeneration? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmol Ther2025Meta-analysisAn=360
  6. Effect of high-intensity laser therapy and photobiomodulation therapy on oral lichen planus-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lasers Med Sci2025Meta-analysisAn=742
  7. Efficacy comparison of atropine, orthokeratology and repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Br J Ophthalmol2025Meta-analysisAn=6434
  8. Effects of repeated low-level red light therapy on myopia progression in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Med (Lausanne)2025Meta-analysisAn=2638
  9. Differential effectiveness of photobiomodulation in muscular and articular temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and critical appraisal.Lasers Med Sci2025Meta-analysisAn=1038
  10. Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Ophthalmol2024Meta-analysisAn=833
Show all 254 references

    Diatelos provides general wellness information based on published research. It is not medical advice. Talk to a clinician before starting any new supplement or practice, especially if you have a health condition, are pregnant, or take medication.