Alternative medicine
Ozone Therapy
Ozone Therapy is an alternative-medicine practice investigated for a range of health aims, including inflammation, wound repair, physical functioning and several clinical conditions. These areas should not be treated as one general claim: the evidence differs by intended use.
An alternative practice involving ozone, it is not presented as a wellness routine to adopt.
We do not advise this practice
It can cause harm.
Why it is not advised
Ozone Therapy is sought for pain relief and wound healing. Pooled randomized trials report pain improvements, and some wound studies report better healing, but findings vary by condition; for diabetic foot ulcers, a review found it was not superior to control treatment. These potential benefits do not remove concerns about harm, which can depend on how ozone is administered. Procedures may cause bleeding or tissue injury, while intravenous ozone can form gas bubbles that reach the brain; serious neurological events have been reported. Hemolysis is a particular concern for people with G6PD Deficiency. Safety in pregnancy and children has not been established, and inhaled ozone poses added concern for people with respiratory conditions.
Overview
Ozone Therapy is an alternative-medicine practice investigated for a range of health aims, including inflammation, wound repair, physical functioning and several clinical conditions. These areas should not be treated as one general claim: the evidence differs by intended use. The overall picture is uneven, with meta-analyses of randomized trials informing some outcome areas, while other proposed effects are represented only by anecdotal reports or theoretical rationale. Research on one outcome does not establish benefit across the practice, and the evidence does not support treating every proposed use as settled.
Well researched: 113 studies. Last checked Oct 9, 2026.
- 25
- human evidence
- 18
- eligible
- 10
- unclassified
- 3
- animal / null result
Claimed benefits
- Analgesic EffectMedium · RCT
- Inflammation ReductionMedium · RCT
- Physical FunctionMedium · RCT
- 113
- Studies
Evidence checked Oct 9, 2026 · newest study 2026
- A
- 2
- B
- 23
- C
- 66
- D
- 22
76 community reports across 4 platforms
Coverage
- Effects
- 34
- Helps with
- 22
- Side effects
- 30
- Interactions
- 24
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.
What does research say?
What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.
34 claims:9 some evidence1 mixed16 not enough evidence3 not tested in people2 personal stories only3 no benefit found
Analgesic EffectSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
57 of 63 studies found a benefit; 6 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Open the Analgesic Effect pageInflammation ReductionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
14 of 16 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Open the Inflammation Reduction pagePhysical FunctionSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
17 of 19 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 96 people found improved WOMAC function scores. In a review of randomized trials, shoulder-related SPADI scores improved with ozone therapy but were not better than scores with other interventions during follow-up.
Open the Physical Function pageWound Healing AccelerationSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
23 of 24 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found reduced size of traumatic and autoimmune ulcers compared with placebo. Results differ for diabetic foot ulcers: a 2026 review of randomized trials found ozone therapy was not superior to control treatment for ulcer healing.
Open the Wound Healing Acceleration pageJoint Health ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
13 of 16 studies found a benefit; 3 found none. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
A review of randomized trials involving 263 people found improved SPADI scores with ozone therapy, but no significant difference from other interventions at any follow-up timepoint. A separate review also reported improved pressure pain thresholds and mandibular range of motion.
Open the Joint Health Improvement pageSleep Quality ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Open the Sleep Quality Improvement pagePhysical Endurance IncreaseSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 59 people with osteoarthritis, 6MWT distance increased in both ozone therapy groups compared with the control group. A cohort of 45 people found a greater increase in 2-minute walking test distance in the 1 μg/mL group than in the 10 μg/mL group.
Open the Physical Endurance Increase pageBlood Flow ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
A randomized trial of 90 people reported improved lower-limb rheographic indicators during ozone therapy. A cohort of 60 people reported that capillary density increased by over 200%.
Open the Blood Flow Improvement page
Also studied in people with 22 health conditions
How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.
Back PainSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A meta-analysis of six randomized trials reported that ozone therapy was more effective than other therapies for pain relief at six months.
Open the Back Pain pageSclerodermaSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A 2022 review reported that an RCT found a reduction in wound area with an oxygen-ozone gas bath, but no significant difference in complete healing. The review did not establish that wounds were more likely to heal completely.
Open the Scleroderma pageOral Lichen PlanusSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improvement in pain, burning sensation, and lesion size; another review reported reduced pain and lesion size in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia.
Open the Oral Lichen Planus pageOsteoarthritisNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 16 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found short-term improvement in pain and stiffness over 1-3 months, with the benefit diminishing by 6 months and no difference from control at 12 months.
Open the Osteoarthritis pageDiabetes Type 2Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
3 of 4 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
Findings conflict: a 2022 review of 3-4 randomized trials found improved wound area and a reduction in amputation rate, but no increase in complete healing; a 2026 review found ozone therapy was not superior to control treatment for ulcer healing or ulcer-area reduction. A 2023 randomized trial in 60 people with diabetes reported improvements in P100 latency and HbA1c.
Open the Diabetes Type 2 pageHerpes Zoster (Shingles)Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported pain reduction and improved sleep quality.
Open the Herpes Zoster (Shingles) pagePeripheral Artery DiseaseNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A review of randomized trials found that one trial suggested IMT may reduce wound area and major amputation rate; the review characterized the evidence as very low quality.
Open the Peripheral Artery Disease pageAcneNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
Acne was included among the conditions reviewed, but the 2022 review did not specify whether ozone therapy helped acne; its general conclusion that it seemed promising for some conditions does not establish an acne-specific benefit.
Open the Acne page
What can go wrong
What studies and reports say about its harms and who is most at risk.
- Side effects
Possible: Skin Rash / Irritation and Allergic Reaction.
28 more with weak evidence.
- Most at risk if you have
- G6PD Deficiency and Pregnancy
- Some trials left out people with
- Pregnancy, Diabetes (General), Breastfeeding, Allergies (General), and 3 more
- Reported by users
- Physical Fatigue
General wellness information, not medical advice. If you already do it, talk to a doctor, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
Effects
34 listedStart here
Most likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Oral Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisconflicting findingslong-term16 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 678 people found that adding ozonated compounds to subgingival instrumentation reduced PPD compared with the instrumentation alone. Results conflict: another pooled analysis found no statistically significant difference in periodontal parameters when ozonated water or gas was added to scaling and root planing.
- →Analgesic EffectCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectlong-term62 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 1,496 people in its pain analysis found lower unidimensional pain scores (SMD = −1.55, 95% CI = [−2.04, −1.06]). A separate pooled analysis of 96 people found lower WOMAC pain scores.
- →Inflammation ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect15 cited studies · 2 other sources
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 1,496 people in its interleukin-6 analysis found lower interleukin-6 expression levels (SMD = −1.94, 95% CI = [−2.91, −0.97]). Findings vary by outcome: a pooled analysis of 133 people found ozone therapy was not effective in reducing facial swelling.
- →Physical FunctionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect19 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 96 people found improved WOMAC function scores. In a review of randomized trials, shoulder-related SPADI scores improved with ozone therapy but were not better than scores with other interventions during follow-up.
- →Wound Healing AccelerationCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect23 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found reduced size of traumatic and autoimmune ulcers compared with placebo. Results differ for diabetic foot ulcers: a 2026 review of randomized trials found ozone therapy was not superior to control treatment for ulcer healing.
- →Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect16 cited studies
A review of randomized trials involving 263 people found improved SPADI scores with ozone therapy, but no significant difference from other interventions at any follow-up timepoint. A separate review also reported improved pressure pain thresholds and mandibular range of motion.
- →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials involving 1,496 people in its sleep-quality analysis found a lower Pittsburgh sleep quality index score (MD = −1.62, 95% CI = [−2.94, −0.31]); the reported effect was trivial. A separate trial studied ozone combined with HA in 60 people.
Medium probability(3)
- →Physical Endurance IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceClinicallong-term2 cited studies
In a randomized trial of 59 people with osteoarthritis, 6MWT distance increased in both ozone therapy groups compared with the control group. A cohort of 45 people found a greater increase in 2-minute walking test distance in the 1 μg/mL group than in the 10 μg/mL group (mean difference 16.4 m, 95% CI: 3.4 to 29.3 m).
- →Blood Flow ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A randomized trial of 90 people reported improved lower-limb rheographic indicators during ozone therapy. A cohort of 60 people reported that capillary density increased by over 200%.
- →Antioxidant Protection EnhancementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source
In a randomized trial of 35 people, ozone oil was associated with reduced salivary protein carbonyls and TBARS and increased uric acid levels 48 h postoperatively compared with placebo. A cohort of 89 people reported increased SOD after 1 week of treatment in both groups.
Low probability(21)
- →Respiratory Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
In people with Covid 19, pooled human studies reported an improvement in Taylor’s score from 4.78 to 3 with Ozone Therapy; the standard-therapy group also improved, from 4.25 to 3.75, but that change was reported as insignificant.
- →Blood Glucose Level SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported reduced blood glucose levels among people receiving ozone therapy.
- →Balance ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicallong-term1 cited study
In a randomized trial of 59 people with osteoarthritis, both ozone therapy groups had lower mean TUG scores than the control group.
- →Mood ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source
A cohort of 40 people with cancer or heart disease reported improvement across all SF-36 questionnaire domains, with the largest gains in physical functioning and mental health. A pilot study of 23 people also found changes in physical and mental component scores.
- →Thermoregulation ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
A randomized trial of 90 people with back pain found that segmental temperature asymmetry severity decreased by 45% on average in the ozone therapy groups.
- →Antibiotic Recovery SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A cohort of 89 people with Diabetes Type 2 found a difference in antibiotic duration between groups (31.42 ± 6.00 vs 27.51 ± 6.03 days, P=0.003).
- →Fertility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A cohort of 50 people being treated for female infertility found that more embryos formed in Cycle 2 than in Cycle 1.
- →Skin Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source
A review covering 643 people described ozone therapy as promising for some dermatological conditions, but found that methodological limitations did not sufficiently demonstrate that the therapy was safe.
- →Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalconflicting findingslong-termnot used for recommendations3 cited studies
One randomized trial of 50 people found a 4.24 mm greater mean mouth opening in the test group than the control group at day 7. Findings conflict with a pooled analysis of 133 people, which reported higher mean mouth-opening estimates after ozone at 24 hours but did not establish a clear difference.
- →Physical Energy IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A cohort of 120 people with cancer or heart disease reported improved quality of life across all questionnaire domains.
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source
In a cohort of 25 people with fibromyalgia or peripheral neuropathy, anxiety scores fell from 11.2 to 3.84 after treatment, then rose to 6.92 at six months.
- →Physical Strength IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A pilot study of 23 people reported an improvement in the T0-T1 time interval (*p* = 0.0003; d 0.88), with an effect reported as MD -3.05 kg.
- →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
In a cohort of 25 people with fibromyalgia or peripheral neuropathy, depression scores fell from 10.36 to 3.36 after treatment, then rose to 5.8 at six months.
- →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a cohort of 25 people with fibromyalgia, FSS scores fell from 5.48 to 3.24 after treatment, then rose to 4.56 at six months.
- →Neuroprotective EffectCertaintyLowSourceAnimal researchanimal / in-vitro onlynot used for recommendations1 cited study
A study in animals involving 40 subjects found improved pinch test scores after perineural and intraperitoneal ozone treatment; human evidence was not reported.
- →Immune System SupportCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Ozone is described as stimulating cytokine production and leukocyte activity. This effect was mentioned in 8 of 47 community reports.
- →Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Ozone therapy delivered by paravertebral injection may provide short-term pain relief for people with a herniated disc. This effect was mentioned in 6 community reports, including reports on Reddit and YouTube.
- →Oxygen Utilization ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
A proposed explanation is that ozone may affect cellular oxygen metabolism by upregulating glycolytic enzymes and improving red blood cell flexibility and 2,3-DPG levels; this is theoretical rather than a finding from human trials.
- →Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Ozone therapy is proposed to reduce total and LDL cholesterol through modulation of oxidative stress and hepatic lipid metabolism; this proposed effect has not been demonstrated in human evidence.
Very low probability(3)
- →Kidney Health SupportCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
Human evidence has not established a kidney-health benefit; the associated clinical context is COVID-19.
- →Liver Health SupportCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
Human evidence has not established a liver-health benefit; the associated clinical context is COVID-19.
- →Female Hormonal Balance SupportCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A cohort of 50 people receiving fertility treatment found no significant difference in the number of oocytes collected or peak serum estradiol (E2) levels, so the studies did not support this proposed benefit.
Conditions it's used for
Complaints and diagnoses people take it for22 listedMost likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Back PainCertaintyMediumSourceRCT6 cited studies
A meta-analysis of six randomized trials reported that ozone therapy was more effective than other therapies for pain relief at six months.
- →SclerodermaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies
A 2022 review reported that an RCT found a reduction in wound area with an oxygen-ozone gas bath, but no significant difference in complete healing. The review did not establish that wounds were more likely to heal completely.
- →Oral Lichen PlanusCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A pooled review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improvement in pain, burning sensation, and lesion size; another review reported reduced pain and lesion size in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia.
Low probability(18)
- →OsteoarthritisCertaintyLowSourceRCT16 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found short-term improvement in pain and stiffness over 1-3 months, with the benefit diminishing by 6 months and no difference from control at 12 months.
- →Diabetes Type 2CertaintyLowSourceRCT4 cited studies
Findings conflict: a 2022 review of 3-4 randomized trials found improved wound area and a reduction in amputation rate, but no increase in complete healing; a 2026 review found ozone therapy was not superior to control treatment for ulcer healing or ulcer-area reduction. A 2023 randomized trial in 60 people with diabetes reported improvements in P100 latency and HbA1c.
- →Herpes Zoster (Shingles)CertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A pooled analysis of randomized trials reported pain reduction and improved sleep quality.
- →Peripheral Artery DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A review of randomized trials found that one trial suggested IMT may reduce wound area and major amputation rate; the review characterized the evidence as very low quality.
- →AcneCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
Acne was included among the conditions reviewed, but the 2022 review did not specify whether ozone therapy helped acne; its general conclusion that it seemed promising for some conditions does not establish an acne-specific benefit.
- →Ankylosing SpondylitisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study in 53 people reported improvements in disease activity, function, pain, and inflammatory markers after ozone therapy.
- →Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2022 review included Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) among the conditions assessed, but said only that ozone therapy seemed promising for some conditions without specifying which; it did not establish a benefit for Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis).
- →Frozen ShoulderCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review of randomized trials reported improvement in pain and function with oxygen-ozone therapy for Frozen Shoulder.
- →Heart Disease (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A retrospective observational study in 120 people reported improvement across SF-36 domains in all groups.
- →Herpes SimplexCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2022 review included Herpes Simplex among the conditions assessed, but said only that ozone therapy seemed promising for some conditions without specifying which; it did not establish a benefit for Herpes Simplex.
- →Multiple SclerosisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2019 systematic review of randomized and non-randomized human studies suggested ozone therapy may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in people with MS, but the evidence was limited and mostly observational.
- →PsoriasisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
Psoriasis was included among the conditions reviewed, but the 2022 review did not specify whether ozone therapy helped psoriasis; its general conclusion that it seemed promising for some conditions does not establish a psoriasis-specific benefit.
- →Rotator Cuff InjuryCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review of randomized trials reported improvement in pain and function with oxygen-ozone therapy for Rotator Cuff Injury.
- →TinnitusCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2022 systematic review did not confirm that ozone therapy is effective for tinnitus.
- →Peripheral NeuropathyCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies
A retrospective case series in 15 people with refractory pudendal neuralgia reported reduced pain and improved function. An animal study also reported functional and tissue-level improvements compared with an untreated paralyzed group.
- →TMJ DisorderCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A case series in 20 people reported improvements in mouth opening and pain.
- →Rheumatoid ArthritisCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A 2022 review described changes in inflammatory signaling, including down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of IL-10; it also reported positive effects in CTS in SSc.
- →TendinitisCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A 2022 review described a double-blind trial in which ozone therapy was reported to be more effective than steroids and physiotherapy.
Very low probability(1)
- →FibromyalgiaCertaintyVery lowSourceClinical4 cited studies
In a 2023 randomized trial, ozone autohemotherapy added to treatment was associated with improvements in some symptom subscales and sleep compared with placebo. A 2025 retrospective study also reported post-treatment improvements across several symptoms, but it cannot establish that ozone therapy caused them.
Side effects
30 listedHighest probability
- →Skin Rash / IrritationCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2026 systematic review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported skin irritation, including redness, swelling, and pain. A 2020 review also described dermatitis and a burning sensation.
- →Allergic ReactionCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2026 systematic review reported allergic reactions involving itching and rash. A 2026 randomized trial involving 35 people reported a hypersensitivity reaction.
Low probability(28)
- →Bruising (Ecchymosis)CertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2019 meta-analysis of randomized trials reported a subcutaneous hematoma at the puncture site. A 2024 meta-analysis also reported hematoma, epidural vascular puncture and puncture trauma in randomized and non-randomized human studies.
- →PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials in 2026 reported transient pain or localized warmth at the injection site. A 2022 analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies also reported injection-site pain.
- →Rhinitis (Runny Nose)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A 2024 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported rhinitis in people with Oral Lichen Planus.
- →RBC/Hemoglobin DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A 2026 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported hemolysis. The finding does not specify how often it occurred or in whom.
- →Nutrient DepletionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In pooled human studies in people with Covid 19, albumin decreased in the ozone group (MD = –0.26 g/dL, *P* = 0.007, I2 = 0, fixed-effect).
- →BloatingCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies
Pooled human studies in people with Covid 19 reported bloating and slight meteorism; another pooled analysis reported a feeling of bloating after rectal ozone therapy.
- →HeadacheCertaintyLowSourceClinical5 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2022 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported headache. A 2024 pooled analysis also listed headaches alongside eye injuries and paresthesia.
- →Fluid Retention (Edema)CertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies
A 2026 randomized trial involving 35 people found higher edema values on postoperative day 2 in the gas-treatment group (110.43) than in the placebo (106.65) and ozone-oil (107.00) groups.
- →Hepatotoxicity (Liver Toxicity)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
Pooled human studies in people with Covid 19 reported an increase in AST/ALT with ozone therapy.
- →Peripheral Nerve DamageCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2025 pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies listed nerve injury among reported complications, alongside discitis, infection, bleeding, and damage to the annulus fibrosus.
- →NauseaCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2024 review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported nausea and vomiting. In a 2021 trial involving 178 people with Oral Lichen Planus, transient nausea and mild headache were reported.
- →Anaphylactoid ReactionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2026 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported anaphylactic shock.
- →FeverCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2026 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported fever and chills.
- →Taste DisordersCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2025 randomized trial involving 50 people reported an unpleasant taste from the gel.
- →Muscle CrampsCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2026 cohort study of 100 people reported mild muscle spasm after the procedure.
- →Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2026 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported local tingling.
- →DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A 2026 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported dizziness.
- →Vision ProblemsCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2024 systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported epiphora, or excessive tearing, in people with Oral Lichen Planus.
- →Inflammation IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a 2018 trial involving 174 people with Osteoarthritis, a mild flare reaction was reported after the first injection.
- →Heart Rhythm DisturbanceCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2018 case report describes cardiopulmonary arrest in one person. A single case does not establish how often this occurs or whether Ozone Therapy caused it.
- →Seizure Threshold ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2025 case report describes a generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting three minutes, developing minutes after an elective outpatient intravenous Ozone Therapy session in one person. This case report does not establish how often this occurs or whether treatment caused the seizure.
- →Fainting (Syncope)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that fainting can occur during or after major autohemotherapy, possibly in connection with a vasovagal response or a temporary drop in blood pressure.
- →Blood ThinningCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that Ozone Therapy may prolong bleeding time and reduce platelet aggregation; this is a reference-based potential effect, not a finding from a clinical trial.
- →Brain FogCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference warns that ozone given into a vein can form gas bubbles that reach the brain, and notes reports of serious neurological events.
- →Gastric IrritationCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that rectal ozone insufflation can cause bloating, cramps and irritation of the gut lining.
- →VomitingCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
A pharmacology reference notes that nausea may occasionally progress to vomiting, particularly after systemic or rectal treatments.
- →Heart Rate DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceReview1 cited study
A 2022 review described a vagal crisis in people receiving treatment for Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid Arthritis.
- →Blood Pressure DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 other source
A temporary decrease in blood pressure may contribute to lightheadedness or fainting after treatment.
Don't do it if
When to skip it or get medical advice first13 listedHighest probability
- →G6PD DeficiencyCertaintyHighSourceClinical1 cited study
A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized human studies lists G6PD Deficiency as a contraindication for Ozone Therapy because oxidative stress may trigger hemolysis and a hemolytic crisis.
- →PregnancyCertaintyHighSourceClinical1 cited study
Pregnancy safety for systemic or inhaled Ozone Therapy has not been established, and fetal oxidative injury is a concern. It is listed as a contraindication except in a formally supervised research setting.
Low probability(11)
- →Respiratory FailureCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Ozone Therapy is contraindicated in Respiratory Failure because it may worsen lung function.
- →COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Inhaled ozone may aggravate airway inflammation, oxidative lung injury, and gas-exchange impairment in COPD; inhalational exposure should be avoided.
- →AsthmaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Inhaled ozone can trigger asthma attacks and bronchospasm.
- →Bleeding DisordersCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Ozone Therapy may alter platelet function and coagulation, potentially increasing bleeding risk in people with Bleeding Disorders.
- →Recent StrokeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
During the early period of neurovascular instability after a stroke, Ozone Therapy may increase cerebral oxidative stress and vasogenic edema.
- →PediatricCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Children’s developing lungs and lower respiratory reserve create a risk of airway and oxidative lung injury from inhaled ozone. Pediatric use requires specialist oversight, and inhalation should not be used.
- →Anemia (General)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Significant anemia is a contraindication to blood-based Ozone Therapy procedures because blood removal and oxidative hemolysis could further reduce oxygen-carrying capacity.
- →Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Low platelet counts may increase bleeding risk from the venipuncture and injections used in systemic or local Ozone Therapy procedures.
- →HyperthyroidismCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical1 other source
Guidance lists uncontrolled Hyperthyroidism as a contraindication: systemic Ozone Therapy may raise oxygen use and metabolic activity, potentially worsening a fast heart rate and other thyroid-excess symptoms.
- →Recent Heart Attack (MI)CertaintyLowSourceTheoretical
After a recent heart attack, heightened vulnerability to hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress, and procedural complications is a concern with Ozone Therapy.
- →Heart ArrhythmiaCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical
Clinically significant Heart Arrhythmia may be destabilized by autonomic and hemodynamic changes during Ozone Therapy, especially with intravenous or gas-containing procedures.
Who the trials left out
Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm.16 listed- Diabetes (General)left out by 4 trials
PubMed links (4)
- Breastfeedingleft out by 3 trials
PubMed links (3)
- Allergies (General)left out by 2 trials
PubMed links (2)
- Heart Disease (General)left out by 2 trials
PubMed links (2)
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)left out by 2 trials
PubMed links (2)
PubMed links (2)
Left out by one trial each (9)
- Alcohol Addictionleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Drug Addictionleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
PubMed links (1)
- Cancer (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
PubMed links (1)
PubMed links (1)
- Heart Failure (CHF)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Mild Cognitive Impairmentleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Peripheral Neuropathyleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
When you stop
Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing5 listedHighest probability
- →Analgesic EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a cohort of 25, VAS scores fell from 6.4 to 3.68 after treatment, then rose to 4.12 at six months.
- →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a cohort of 25, depression scores fell from 10.36 to 3.36 after treatment, then rose to 5.8 at six months.
- →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a cohort of 25, PSQI scores fell from 11.2 to 6.36 after treatment, then rose to 8.84 at six months.
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a cohort of 25, anxiety scores fell from 11.2 to 3.84 after treatment, then rose to 6.92 at six months.
- →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a cohort of 25, FSS scores fell from 5.48 to 3.24 after treatment, then rose to 4.56 at six months.
Interactions
Combine with caution
Highest severity first
- →SupplementsN-Acetylcysteine (NAC)TheoreticalCaution
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) may increase glutathione and prematurely dampen ozone-induced oxidative signaling, potentially reducing the intended immune and mitochondrial stimulation and increasing the risk of redox imbalance.
- →SupplementsNattokinaseTheoreticalCaution
Nattokinase has fibrinolytic and antiplatelet activity that may add to bleeding and hematoma risk associated with Ozone Therapy, particularly during injections or blood-based procedures.
- →SupplementsVitamin ETheoreticalCaution
Vitamin E may neutralize the oxidative action of Ozone Therapy and reduce its intended effect; discontinuing it may also increase oxidative stress rebound.
- →SupplementsGinkgo BilobaTheoreticalCaution
Ginkgo may impair platelet aggregation and increase bruising or procedural bleeding when combined with Ozone Therapy, which may also thin the blood.
- →SupplementsBromelainTheoreticalCaution
Bromelain may inhibit platelet aggregation, potentially increasing bleeding or hematoma risk during Ozone Therapy procedures involving venipuncture, injections, or surgery.
- →SupplementsCod Liver OilTheoreticalCaution
Ozone Therapy can alter platelet function and coagulation, so combining it with omega-3 supplements such as Cod Liver Oil may increase bleeding risk, particularly with autohemotherapy.
Unrated(8)
- →SupplementsCoenzyme Q10TheoreticalCaution
Coenzyme Q10 may interfere with Ozone Therapy’s stimulation of mitochondrial respiration by bypassing redox signaling pathways that ozone relies on for its effect.
- →SupplementsGarlicTheoreticalCaution
Garlic supplements can reduce platelet clumping and may add to bleeding or bruising from the needles, injections, and blood draws used in ozone therapy. This may be especially relevant to autohemotherapy, where blood is mixed with an anticoagulant.
- →SupplementsGingerTheoreticalCaution
At high doses, Ginger may reduce platelet clumping and could add to bleeding or bruising from the needles, injections, and blood draws used in ozone therapy. This may be especially relevant to autohemotherapy, where blood is mixed with an anticoagulant.
- →SupplementsCurcuminTheoreticalCaution
Curcumin inhibits platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis, potentially increasing bleeding risk when used alongside ozone therapy.
- →SupplementsArginineTheoreticalCaution
Arginine increases nitric oxide production and widens blood vessels, which may compound Ozone Therapy’s blood-pressure-lowering effects and raise the risk of fainting or reduced blood flow to organs.
- →SupplementsCinnamon ExtractTheoreticalCaution
Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which can prolong bleeding time; this may add to coagulation impairment associated with Ozone Therapy.
- →SupplementsCitrullineTheoreticalCaution
Citrulline is a precursor to arginine and enhances nitric oxide synthesis; combined with Ozone Therapy, this may cause excessive blood-vessel widening and low blood pressure.
- →SupplementsCBD (Cannabidiol)TheoreticalCaution
CBD (Cannabidiol) may cause sedation and lower blood pressure, potentially worsening dizziness, fainting, or impaired alertness during or immediately after Ozone Therapy.
Weakens or is weakened by
Highest probability
- →SupplementsGlutathione (Reduced)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Glutathione may directly scavenge ozone and its reactive oxygen species, potentially reducing the intended immunomodulatory and mitochondrial effects.
- →SupplementsAlpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) may neutralize ozone’s oxidative effects, potentially reducing its intended therapeutic benefits.
- →SupplementsAstaxanthinCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Astaxanthin’s antioxidant action may counter ozone therapy’s oxidative mechanism and diminish its intended effects.
- →SupplementsSeleniumCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Selenium supports antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which may diminish the oxidative stress deliberately created by ozone therapy.
Low probability(3)(3)(0)
- →SupplementsCoenzyme Q10CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Pharmacology references suggest that Coenzyme Q10’s antioxidant activity may neutralize the controlled oxidative stress induced by ozone therapy, potentially reducing its intended therapeutic effects.
- →SupplementsN-Acetylcysteine (NAC)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Pharmacology references suggest that N-Acetylcysteine may increase glutathione synthesis, which can scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by ozone therapy and blunt its intended oxidative signaling.
- →SupplementsVitamin ECertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Pharmacology references suggest that Vitamin E may intercept lipid peroxidation initiated by ozone, reducing the oxidative signaling underlying ozone therapy’s intended effects.
Very low probability(3)(0)(3)
- →PracticesFinnish SaunaCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalRatio-dependent
Sauna-related blood vessel widening and fluid loss may amplify ozone-associated dizziness or fainting, particularly when Finnish Sauna is used shortly before or after treatment.
- →PracticesBreathworkCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalCompetitive
Intensive Breathwork may increase oxidative load and the risk of hyperventilation when combined with systemic ozone, potentially worsening oxidative stress or causing fainting.
- →PracticesHyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)CertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalRatio-dependent
Combining Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) with ozone may create overlapping oxygen and oxidative-stress burdens, potentially increasing adverse effects rather than producing predictable added benefit. Sequential use requires clinical supervision.
How it works
The mechanisms this practice works through25 listed · 2 establishedEstablished mechanisms
- Inflammatory responseAnti-inflammatoryestablished
Ozone reduces inflammation, as evidenced by lower CRP levels and reduced gingival index.
- Pro-inflammatory cytokinesAnti-inflammatoryestablished
Ozone inhibits synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and bradykinins.
Proposed mechanisms
- periodontal pathogensantimicrobialproposed
Ozonated oils may maintain antimicrobial activity for longer periods, contributing to reduced bacterial load in periodontal pockets.
- Tissue repairWound healingproposed
Ozone activates inflammatory molecules and increases cell repair, improving vascular function and blood flow to damaged tissues.
- tissue oxygenationmicrocirculationproposed
Ozone improves microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, supporting energy metabolism.
- Antioxidant response elements (ARE)NRF2 pathway activationproposed
Ozone reacts with interstitial fluids to produce H2O2 and lipid oxidation products, which activate NRF2, increasing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, etc.) and reducing NF-kB activity, leading to anti-inflammatory effects.
- Free radical scavenger enzymesAntioxidantproposed
Ozone enhances synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase to mitigate oxidative stress.
- IL-1β and PTX-3Anti-inflammatoryproposed
Ozone therapy reduces inflammatory biomarkers IL-1β and PTX-3, modulating host immune-inflammatory response.
- Immune cells and immunoglobulinsImmunomodulationproposed
Ozone regulates cellular and humoral immune systems, stimulating growth of immunoactive cells and immunoglobulin production.
- Inflammatory mediators and tissue repairImmunomodulatory and anti-inflammatoryproposed
Ozone induces oxidative stress that activates enzymes to block inflammation and promote tissue repair and regeneration through fibroblast stimulation.
- Interleukins and TNF-alphaAnti-inflammatory cytokine modulationproposed
Decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1,2,6,7, TNF-alpha) and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4,10,13, TGF-beta).
- Nucleus pulposusDisc mummificationproposed
ROS react with proteoglycans and collagen, causing shrinkage of the herniated disc and reducing nerve root compression.
- Nucleus pulposusMechanical decompressionproposed
Ozone oxidizes proteoglycan matrix, leading to disc dehydration and volume reduction, reducing nerve root compression.
- Oral pathogensAntimicrobial actionproposed
Ozone is a potent oxidizing agent with high antimicrobial efficacy against oral pathogens, destroying bacteria, fungi, and viruses by targeting cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes.
- Oral pathogensAntimicrobialproposed
Ozone oxidizes lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in bacterial cells, leading to cell lysis and reduced microbial load.
- Periodontal pathogens (anaerobic bacteria)Antimicrobial actionproposed
Ozone oxidizes microbial cell membranes, increasing oxygen tension in subgingival biofilm and damaging intracellular components, reducing bacterial growth.
- Periodontal tissuesAnti-inflammatory actionproposed
Ozone modulates the inflammatory response in periodontal tissues, facilitating faster healing and reducing clinical signs of inflammation.
- Platelet aggregation and fibrin clot formationHemostaticproposed
Ozonated water promotes platelet aggregation, local vasoconstriction, and accelerates fibrin clot formation via TGF-β and PDGF.
- Soft tissueWound healingproposed
Ozone promotes healing by increasing oxygenation, increasing blood flow, and stimulating fibroblast activity.
- Wound pathogensAntimicrobialproposed
Ozone therapy reduces bacterial colonization, leading to sterile cultures and reestablishment of physiological flora.
- inflammation in tissues surrounding ulceranti-inflammatory and antioxidant effectsproposed
Reduction of inflammation by inhibiting mast cell migration, reducing acute phase proteins and lysosomal enzymes, and stimulating antioxidants.
- inflammatory cycleanti-inflammatoryproposed
Ozone disrupts the self-perpetuating inflammatory cycle by altering breakdown of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins.
- peri-implant biofilmantimicrobialproposed
Ozone's strong oxidation effect provides antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens, aiding in implant surface decontamination.
- periodontal bacteriaantimicrobialproposed
Ozone oxidizes phospholipids and lipoproteins of bacterial cell envelope, disrupting membrane integrity and blocking enzymatic function.
- tissues surrounding ulceroxygenation and nutrient supplyproposed
Ozone therapy is proposed to affect oxygen delivery and cellular signaling, but the mechanism and clinical significance of these effects are not established.
Variations
Forms it is offered in. Shown so you can recognise them, not as a guide.2 documentedTypical protocol
70 protocolsEstimatedAcross every study of this practice, whatever the variation.
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
Courses and single sessions · 54 repeated-course and 15 single-session protocols
65% of the corpus contributed
Major Autohemotherapy (MAH)
supervision recommended
Major Autohemotherapy (MAH)
supervision recommendednot for children,not in pregnancy,caution for older adults
As studied
12 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Derived from3594621836204783365300723707711937365632+7 more in Sources
Studied protocols13 on file
- 40 min· 2×/week· 10 weeks· Rounds 20· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 37365632
- 30 min· 7×/week· 10 weeks· n=90· A repeated coursePMID 39451884
- 30 min· 7×/week· 1.5 weeks· n=91· A repeated coursePMID 35946218
- 30 min· 2×/week· 3 weeks· 37 °C, to the shoulders, Rounds 6· n=50· A repeated coursePMID 37077119
- 30 min· 7×/week· 1 week· Rounds 1· n=89· A repeated coursePMID 38292773
- 30 min· 3.5×/week· 6 weeks· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 40565762
Rectal Insufflation
supervision recommended
Rectal Insufflation
supervision recommendednot for children,not in pregnancy,caution for older adults
As studied
6 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
Courses and single sessions · 5 repeated-course and 1 single-session protocols
Derived from2998404436571381415842164225488442478179+1 more in Sources
Studied protocols7 on file
- 3 min· 3×/week· 1 week· Rounds 6· n=41· A repeated coursePMID 29984044
- 10 min· 2×/week· n=404· A repeated coursePMID 36571381
- 10 min· 13 weeks· 6 °C, Rounds 2· n=36· A repeated coursePMID 41584216
- 5×/week· 12 weeks· n=23· A repeated coursePMID 42478179
- 15 min· 7×/week· 42 °C, Rounds 1· n=15· A repeated coursePMID 42677326
- 1 week· n=35· A repeated coursePMID 41870681
Community experience
Based on 76 public posts from Reddit, Phoenix Rising, YouTube, and Bluesky.
What people report it did
7 outcomes mentioned across 76 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.
Reported benefits6
- Physical Energy Increase12 mentions
- Mood Improvement11 mentions
- Immune System Support10 mentions
- Sleep Quality Improvement8 mentions
- Anxiety Reduction6 mentions
- Chronic Pain Reduction6 mentions
Reported side effects1
- Physical Fatiguenot studied
References
122 screened · 113 analysed · 115 listed below
Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.
- Efficacy of Ozonated Gels and Oils As Adjunctive or Monotherapy in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clin Exp Dent Res2026Meta-analysisAn=678
- Ineffectiveness of ozone therapy in nonsurgical periodontal treatment: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Oral Investig2020Meta-analysisA
- Effectiveness and Safety of Ozone Therapy in Humans: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials.Med Sci (Basel)2026Systematic reviewB
- Effects of pulsed radiofrequency combined with ozone on zoster-associated pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Med Gas Res2026Meta-analysisBn=1496
- The time-effect relationship of intra-articular ozone injection for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Pain Res (Lausanne)2026Meta-analysisBn=1172
- Efficacy of ozone therapy in dentistry with approach of healing, pain management, and therapeutic outcomes: a systematic review of clinical trials.BMC Oral Health2025Systematic reviewB
- Effectiveness of Ozone Therapy in Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of Topical Applications.J Clin Med2025Meta-analysisB
- Effects of ozone therapy as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Oral Health2025Meta-analysisBn=655
- Efficacy and safety of ozone therapy for knee osteoarthritis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Front Physiol2024Systematic reviewBn=3685
- Efficacy of ozone therapy for oral mucosa wound healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Oral Investig2024Meta-analysisB