Social Dancing
Social Dancing is a group form of dance studied as a physical and social activity, with research addressing broad physical, emotional, social, and cognitive aspects of well-being. The overall picture is moderately developed but uneven: support varies across outcomes and intended uses, so the findings do not establish one general benefit that applies in every setting.
Social Dancing is dance practiced with others, combining movement with a shared social setting.
Part of Dance
Overview
Social Dancing is a group form of dance studied as a physical and social activity, with research addressing broad physical, emotional, social, and cognitive aspects of well-being. The overall picture is moderately developed but uneven: support varies across outcomes and intended uses, so the findings do not establish one general benefit that applies in every setting. Research involving particular groups may not necessarily reflect what to expect for everyone.
Some research: 49 studies. Last checked Oct 9, 2026. 10 of 49 studies are about Dance in general, not this style.
- 13
- human evidence
- 11
- eligible
- 8
- unclassified
- 7
- animal / null result
Best-evidenced uses
- Physical FunctionMedium · RCT
- Mood ImprovementMedium · RCT
- Antidepressant EffectMedium · RCT
- 49
- Studies
10 of 49 studies are about Dance in general (family evidence: Moderate)
Evidence checked Oct 9, 2026 · newest study 2026
- B
- 10
- C
- 31
- D
- 8
281 community reports across 4 platforms
Coverage
- Effects
- 27
- Helps with
- 12
- Side effects
- 8
- Interactions
- 10
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.
What does research say?
What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.
27 claims:4 some evidence1 mixed10 not enough evidence7 not tested in people3 personal stories only2 no benefit found
Physical FunctionDance in general: Medium · 8 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
9 of 11 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 12 weeks, typically 32.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that folk dance improved Timed Up and Go performance in older adults; because this test measures completion time, a lower time indicates improvement. A separate review of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a 1.32-point improvement on the Short Physical Performance Battery.
Open the Physical Function pageCompare with Dance in general →Mood ImprovementDance in general: Medium · 25 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 13 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that Chinese square dance improved well-being compared with a control group, with a large effect. A review also described possible benefits during and after cancer therapy, but noted that data to derive an effect size were lacking.
Open the Mood Improvement pageCompare with Dance in general →Antidepressant EffectDance in general: Medium · 23 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found reduced depressive symptoms with dance interventions. The studies used several different depression scales, including the BDI, GDS, HADS, HAMD, CES-D, and PHQ-9.
Open the Antidepressant Effect pageCompare with Dance in general →Social Function ImprovementDance in general: Medium · 15 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
5 of 6 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.
A review reported improved social interaction and enjoyment among residents and care staff. Qualitative accounts also described enjoyment and the ways social and physical facilitation helped people take part in activities.
Open the Social Function Improvement pageCompare with Dance in general →Balance ImprovementDance in general: Medium · 15 trialsMixed resultsSize of effect: Not known
Studies disagree: some found a benefit, others found none. Do not count on it.
8 of 10 studies found a benefit; 2 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Open the Balance Improvement pageCompare with Dance in general →Anxiety Reduction(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: Medium · 16 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that Chinese square dance alleviated anxiety compared with control, with a large effect. A review also described anxiety reduction in research involving dementia, mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease.
Open the Anxiety Reduction pageCompare with Dance in general →Blood Pressure Support(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: Medium · 4 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies.
Open the Blood Pressure Support pageCompare with Dance in general →Cognitive Function ImprovementDance in general: Medium · 15 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
5 of 10 studies found a benefit; 5 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
Open the Cognitive Function Improvement pageCompare with Dance in general →
Only reported by users, not studied: Discipline Improvement, Self-Awareness Increase, Learning Speed Improvement, Present Moment Awareness, Motivation Increase, Concentration Improvement, and 1 more.
What to expect
A mood effect has been observed after a single session, but in the one follow-up study it had faded fully within 6 days after training. Longer-term findings were measured at the end of programmes: physical-function benefits appeared in trials as short as 12 weeks, with 32 weeks typical; cognitive-function findings came from trials as short as 26 weeks, with 35 weeks typical. These are trial timelines, not guaranteed times to notice change.
Also studied in people with 12 health conditions
How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.
Parkinson's DiseaseDance in general: Medium · 11 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
5 of 6 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that folk and ballroom dance improved BBS scores in people with Parkinson's disease, but found no significant differences on TUG.
Open the Parkinson's Disease pageCompare with Dance in general →DementiaDance in general: Medium · 4 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A review focused on older people with dementia living in care homes, and a randomized trial enrolled 60 older adults with dementia. The reported findings identify who was studied but do not describe an outcome or an effect of dance.
Open the Dementia pageCompare with Dance in general →Cancer (General)Dance in general: 1 trialSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 5 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
An observational study of 66 people with cancer found improved functional exercise capacity among those participating in ballroom dancing, and participation was associated with higher self-efficacy. A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies during or after cancer therapy reported no safety signal.
Open the Cancer (General) pageCompare with Dance in general →Mild Cognitive Impairment(from studies of Dance in general)Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
4 of 5 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
A subgroup analysis found reduced depressive symptoms, while pooled comparisons of cognitive function against control were non-significant, with all confidence intervals crossing zero. The cognitive effects were pooled from reviews of older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
Open the Mild Cognitive Impairment pageDepression(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: Medium · 11 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a large effect on depression; people with depression were the predominant study population. Another pooled analysis found results favoring Chinese square dance over control and dance games over conventional treatment.
Open the Depression pageCompare with Dance in general →Anxiety Disorder (General)(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: Medium · 7 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
Pooled results favored Chinese square dance and group dance over control for anxiety, but differences among dance types were non-significant. The finding came from studies involving people with mild cognitive impairment, so it does not directly establish an effect in people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
Open the Anxiety Disorder (General) pageCompare with Dance in general →Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: 2 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A review of randomized trials in people with primary hypertension reported significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with dance therapy; it did not give the size of those reductions.
Open the Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) pageCompare with Dance in general →Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)(from studies of Dance in general)Dance in general: 1 trialNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A review of 24 studies found that only one recruited participants with sarcopenia; the review described sarcopenia-specific evidence as limited.
Open the Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss) pageCompare with Dance in general →
Studied only as dance in general, not tested in social dancing yet
These results come from studies of dance as a whole. No study of social dancing has looked at them yet.
Breast Cancer (Medium · 5 trials) · Motivation Increase (Medium · 4 trials) · Emotional Regulation Improvement (Medium · 4 trials) · Analgesic Effect (Medium · 3 trials) · Autism Spectrum Disorder (Medium · 3 trials)
Before you try it
What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.
- Side effects
With weak evidence: Menstrual Cycle Changes, Muscle Strain, Joint Pain (Arthralgia), Pain, Dizziness, Injury Risk Increase, and 2 more.
- May not suit you if you have
- Acute Injury, Angina, Heart Arrhythmia, Heart Disease (General), Heart Failure (CHF), Recent Heart Attack (MI), and 4 more
- Reported by users
- Anxiety Increase (9 posts), Irritability, and Muscle Ache (Myalgia)
- Also listed for dance in general (written by our reviewers)
- Post-Surgery Recovery · Unstable Heart Disease (Unstable Angina / Decompensated Heart Failure)Precautions from the Dance page. They are for dance as a whole and may not all fit social dancing.
General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.
How people do it
A gentle start, then what the studies used.
- Start with
- 45 minutes, weekly (Ballroom Dancing for Beginners)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
- Build up to
- 60 minutes, 2 times a week, moderate intensity (what the studies used)
- What the studies ran
- 120 minutes a week for 13 weeks
- Longest session studied
- 60 minutes (Community Folk Dancing)Not a target and not a safe limit: past it there is no evidence either way.
- Temperature
- 19.3 °C
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
Effects
27 listedStart here
Most likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Physical FunctionCertaintyMediumSourceRCT10 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that folk dance improved Timed Up and Go performance in older adults; because this test measures completion time, a lower time indicates improvement. A separate review of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a 1.32-point improvement on the Short Physical Performance Battery (95% CI: 0.56, 2.08).
What the sources found
10 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 48/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Arthritis (General)
- Dementia
- Elderly (65+)
- Heart Failure (CHF)
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- +3 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article10
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Intensity
- Mixed
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
What worked in trials2 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical Session 50 min 55 min How often 2×/week 2.5×/week Per week 120 min 135 min Timing
Trials that found it ran as little as 12 weeks, typically 32
Open Physical FunctionShow studies (12)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=184046% confidence2026Meta-analysis showed significant improvements in the Short Physical Performance Battery (MD = 1.32, 95%CI: 0.56, 2.08, I^2 = 37%).
MD 1.32 [0.56, 2.08]Top journalMain outcomeInactive controlMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=121942% confidence2024Folk dance (FD; p < 0.01) significantly outperformed the control group in health older adults on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. TUG is a time-to-complete measure, so a decrease is an improvement.
Weak journalPooled RCTsStudies disagreeMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositive42% confidence2024improved ... functional mobility (TUG; MD = -1.44 sec) when compared to pharmacological usual care alone
MD -1.44Weak journalInactive controlRCTCpositiven=21770% confidence2025compared to low attendance, high program attendance significantly impacted post-program physical function scores (SPPB) (b = 0.40, 95% CI [0.05, 0.75], p = 0.03)
MD 0.4 [0.05, 0.75]Top journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupBorderline p-valueRCTCneutraln=11550% confidence2016No significant between-group effects were documented for any of the physical tests or for social networking.
Weak journalBlinded assessorCompleters only31% dropped out+6 more in SourcesRCTCpositiven=7560% confidence2012The effect of ballroom dance on balance and functional autonomy among the isolated elderly.
only the EG showed a significant reduction in the execution time of all the tests and in the GDLAM index: GI (Δ=-6.99), both in the intragroup (p<0.001) and in the intergroup analysis (p=0.011). (Execution time is a time-to-complete measure, so a decrease is an improvement.)
MD -6.99Top journalMain outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlBorderline p-value - →Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effectlong-term12 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that Chinese square dance improved well-being compared with a control group (SMD = −1.98, 95% CI: −2.55, −1.41), with a large effect. A review also described possible benefits during and after cancer therapy, but noted that data to derive an effect size were lacking.
What the sources found
14 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 38/100
How big is the effect
Large effectA big difference on average. Check how strong the evidence is.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
- Dementia
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
Where the evidence comes from
- Article12
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
5 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
65 min · 1.5×/week
- Course
- 12 weeks
- Per week
- 90 min
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Timing
A trial found it after a single session
After stopping, the benefit faded (1 study) · See “When you stop”
Follow-up: within 6 days after training
Derived from (1)
Open Mood ImprovementShow studies (14)
Meta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=108342% confidence2025For well-being, Chinese square dance was superior to the control group in enhancing well-being (SMD = −1.98, 95% CI: −2.55, −1.41).
SMD -1.98 [-2.55, -1.41]Large effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewCpositiven=2730% confidence2018Dance training might improve well-being, physical fitness, fatigue and coping during and after therapy. Yet, evidence is scarce and data to derive the effect size are lacking
Top journalStudies disagreeMain outcomeNo control groupRCTCpositiven=3140% confidence2017A dance intervention for cancer survivors and their partners (RHYTHM).
RHYTHM had significant positive effects on ... the mental component of QOL (p = 0.04)
Top journalInactive controlCohort studyCpositiven=6560% confidence2023Well-being increased significantly after the lesson and remained improved for several days. Immediately after the lesson: z = −5.190, p < 0.001, r = 0.66; in the evening: z = −5.286, p < 0.001, r = 0.68; in the evening of the first day after the lesson: z = −5.307, p < 0.001, r = 0.68; in the evenin
Weak journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupQuasi ExperimentalCpositiven=3045% confidence2025in the subjective questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States 2 (POMS ® 2) survey... T-scores of the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) after the intervention showed a difference (P = .014) between the dance group and the control group.
Main outcomeOpen-labelInactive control+8 more in SourcesPilot studyCpositiven=2225% confidence2018Effect of ballroom dancing on the well-being of cancer patients: Report of a pilot project.
The well-being of all patients remained stable or increased during the class, and returned to the initial level within the following days.
Weak journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control group - →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect5 cited studies · 1 other source
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found reduced depressive symptoms with dance interventions (SMD = −1.11; 95% CI −1.54, −0.68; p < 0.001). The studies used several different depression scales, including the BDI, GDS, HADS, HAMD, CES-D, and PHQ-9.
What the sources found
6 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 41/100
How big is the effect
Large effectA big difference on average. Check how strong the evidence is.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Dementia
- Depression
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Article5
- Expert opinion1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
60 min
- Format
- Group
Open Antidepressant EffectShow studies (6)
Meta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=634321% confidence2025Dance demonstrated a positive impact, reducing depression levels in three systematic reviews, while one systematic review reported weak and non-significant effects
Top journalStudies disagree (I² 67%)Inactive controlMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=137555% confidence2026Dance interventions had a significant effect on reducing depressive symptoms (SMD = −1.11; 95% CI −1.54, −0.68; p < 0.001). Depression measured with heterogeneous scales including BDI, GDS, HADS, HAMD, CES-D, PHQ-9.
SMD -1.11 [-1.54, -0.68]Large effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 92%)Main outcomeMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=108346% confidence2025The results of the traditional meta-analysis showed that Chinese square dance was superior to the control group in alleviating depression (SMD = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.48, 1.75).
SMD 1.11 [0.48, 1.75]Large effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagreeMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositive42% confidence2024dance associated with pharmacological usual care reduced depressive symptoms (BDI; MD = 4.89)
MD -4.89Moderate effectWeak journalInactive controlQualitativeDpositiven=1330% confidence2024Ballroom Dancing for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Perceptions of the Experience.
Ballroom dance improved perceived symptoms... as well as reduced fatigue and alleviated depression
No control groupExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceSocial dancing may reduce depressive symptoms in adults with mild to moderate depression, particularly when sustained over 8–12 weeks as part of a structured program.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Balance ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTconflicting findings9 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that creative dance improved Berg Balance Scale scores in older adults. Another review reported improvement compared with pharmacological usual care alone (MD = 3.24), but reviews disagree: some reported better balance or mobility, while others found mixed or non-significant effects.
What the sources found
9 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 37/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Arthritis (General)
- Dementia
- Elderly (65+)
- Heart Failure (CHF)
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- +3 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article9
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
45 min · 3×/week
- Per week
- 135 min
- Format
- Group
A repeated course
Open Balance ImprovementShow studies (11)
Meta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=634317% confidence2025The results for physical outcomes were controversial. While some systematic reviews reported improvements in balance and functional mobility, others found non-significant or mixed effects
Top journalStudies disagree (I² 67%)Inactive controlMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=121942% confidence2024Creative dance (CD) significantly outperformed the control group (CG) in health older adults (p < 0.05) on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Weak journalPooled RCTsStudies disagreeMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositive46% confidence2024improved balance (BBS; MD = 3.24) ... when compared to pharmacological usual care alone
MD 3.24Weak journalInactive controlRCTCpositiven=6045% confidence2018Effects of dance on the postural balance, cognition and functional autonomy of older adults.
Ballroom dancing can be recommended for older adults to provide improvement in their balance and motor performance of the activities of daily living.
Main outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlRCTCpositiven=5955% confidence2014Postural balance and falls in elderly nursing home residents enrolled in a ballroom dancing program.
The intergroup comparison revealed a reduced lower limb weight distribution difference in the EG post-test compared to the CG post-test (p=0.012).
Top journalMain outcomeNo control group+5 more in SourcesRCTCneutraln=2835% confidence2012Effects of a salsa dance training on balance and strength performance in older adults.
A tendency towards an improvement in the selected measures of static postural control was observed in the INT group as compared to the CON group.
Open-labelInactive control
Low probability(16)
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCTLarge effectevidence from Dance in general2 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that Chinese square dance alleviated anxiety compared with control (SMD 1.21, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.76), with a large effect. A review also described anxiety reduction in research involving dementia, mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease.
What the sources found
4 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 43/100
How big is the effect
Large effectA big difference on average. Check how strong the evidence is.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Dementia
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Open Anxiety ReductionShow studies (4)
Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generalpositiven=108342% confidence2025For anxiety, Chinese square dance was superior to the control group in alleviating anxiety (SMD = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.76).
SMD 1.21 [0.65, 1.76]Large effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagreeMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewCStudy of Dance in generalpositive29% confidence2025The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.
Emotionally and socially, dance has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, enhance mood, and foster interpersonal interaction.
Weak journalStudies disagreeExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceDance-based interventions, including social dancing, reduce anxiety symptoms across age groups and clinical conditions.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 10 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
10 mentions - →Blood Pressure SupportCertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general1 cited study · 1 other source
In people with hypertension, a systematic review of randomized trials found that dance therapy reduced systolic blood pressure (MD = −7.45, 95% CI (−8.50, −6.39), p < 0.0001).
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 52/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Open Blood Pressure SupportShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of Dance in generalpositiven=98359% confidence2024compared with the control group, Dance Therapy effectively reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = −7.45, 95% CI (−8.50, −6.39), p < 0.0001]
MD -7.45 [-8.5, -6.39]Moderate effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsMain outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceRegular participation in social dancing can lead to small but clinically meaningful reductions in resting blood pressure.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findings9 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a small improvement in MMSE scores (SMD 0.37 [0.27, 0.47]); another pooled analysis found a 0.94-point improvement on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (95%CI: 0.01, 1.87). Findings are not consistent: a meta-analysis of randomized trials found that Chinese square dance did not significantly improve cognitive scores compared with control.
What the sources found
6 positive · 5 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
Small effectA small but noticeable difference on average.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Dementia
- Elderly (65+)
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article9
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Trials that found no benefit ran3 trials and meta-analyses
Smallest Typical Session 60 min How often 2×/week Per week 120 min Course 35 weeks 52 weeks Timing
Trials that found it ran as little as 26 weeks, typically 35
Open Cognitive Function ImprovementShow studies (11)
Meta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=634335% confidence2025MMSE scores (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.47, p < 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 0%)
SMD 0.37 [0.27, 0.47]Small effectTop journalStudies disagree (I² 67%)Main outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=184038% confidence2026Meta-analysis showed significant improvements in the ... Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MD = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.01, 1.87, I^2 = 0).
MD 0.94 [0.01, 1.87]Top journalInactive controlMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=108325% confidence2025While none of the comparisons reached statistical significance, as all CI crossed the null line... Chinese square dance showed a trend towards superiority over control group (SMD = −0.90 [95% CI: −2.67, 0.86]).
SMD -0.9 [-2.67, 0.86]Large effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagreeInactive controlRCTBneutraln=53070% confidence2016Social Dancing and Incidence of Falls in Older Adults: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial.
There were no significant between-group differences in executive function test (TMT-B = 2.8 s, 95% CI: −6.2, 11.8).
MD 2.8 [-6.2, 11.8]Top journalMain outcomeBlinded assessorInactive controlRCTCneutraln=21755% confidence2025high program attendance ... showed a near significant effect (p = .06) on cognitive composite scores (b = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.29])
MD 0.63 [-0.03, 1.29]Top journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control group+5 more in SourcesRCTCpositiven=12955% confidence2017significant differences between groups were found in benefit of the IG while the CG showed worse performance in the majority of neuropsychological tests
Top journalMain outcomeNo control group - →Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a 1.91-point improvement on the Sit and Reach Test (95%CI: 0.29, 2.91). The broader research included people with Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, sarcopenia and stroke.
What the sources found
3 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 31/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Arthritis (General)
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
- Stroke
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
- Community reports1
Open Flexibility ImprovementShow studies (3)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familypositiven=184042% confidence2026Meta-analysis showed significant improvements in the ... Sit and Reach Test (MD = 1.91, 95%CI: 0.29, 2.91, I^2 = 0).
MD 1.91 [0.29, 2.91]Top journalInactive controlCase reportDpositiven=115% confidence2013The patient showed improvements in range of motion, strength, balance, functional mobility, gait distance, and speed.
Top journalNo control groupCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive35% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 4 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
4 mentions - →Memory ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalevidence from Dance in general3 cited studies
A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies described dance as potentially stimulating memory and reducing cognitive decline, drawing on research involving dementia, mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease.
What the sources found
1 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 37/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Dementia
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Article3
Open Memory ImprovementShow studies (3)
Systematic reviewCStudy of Dance in generalpositive25% confidence2025The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.
Cognitively, evidence suggests that dance stimulates memory and reduces the risk of cognitive decline, making it a key strategy for healthy aging.
Weak journalStudies disagreeRCTCneutraln=11555% confidence2016delayed recall (Cohen’s D Effect size = 0.34, p = 0.06)
SMD 0.34Small effectWeak journalBlinded assessorCompleters only31% dropped outToo small to detect itRCTCneutraln=6030% confidence2018Effects of dance on the postural balance, cognition and functional autonomy of older adults.
For the mini-mental state examination, the control group presented a 24.27 mean, and the experimental 22.75.
Open-labelInactive control - →Physical Endurance IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinicalconflicting findingslong-termnot used for recommendations5 cited studies · 1 other source
A 2021 cohort study found that more weeks of ballroom dance training were associated with a greater 6-MWT walking distance, with an estimated difference of 81.207 meters [61.434, 100.981]. However, a pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found no significant difference in the 5 times Sit-To-Stand test, so findings vary by measure.
What the sources found
4 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 40/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Arthritis (General)
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
- Parkinson's Disease
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
- +1 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article5
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
75 min · 1.5×/week
- Course
- 49 weeks
- Per week
- 105 min
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Best neutral/negative study outranks the best positive study
Open Physical Endurance IncreaseShow studies (6)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=184029% confidence2026No significant differences were observed in ... 5 times Sit-To-Stand ...
Top journalStudies disagreeInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutral38% confidence2024dance plus pharmacological usual care is similar to pharmacological usual care alone for improving gait distance (6MWT; MD = 22.91)
MD 22.91Weak journalInactive controlRCTCpositiven=3145% confidence2017A dance intervention for cancer survivors and their partners (RHYTHM).
RHYTHM had significant positive effects on physical activity (p = 0.05)
Top journalMain outcomeInactive controlCohort studyCpositiven=6660% confidence2021There was a significant association between the dance training and changes in the walking distance. The more weeks of ballroom dance training the participants did, the more distance they were able to walk in the 6-MWT; [F(2, 27.54)=62.15, p=0.000]
MD 81.21 [61.43, 101]Top journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupCase reportDpositiven=115% confidence2013The patient showed improvements in range of motion, strength, balance, functional mobility, gait distance, and speed.
Top journalNo control groupCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 7 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
7 mentions - →Physical Energy IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a randomized trial of 31 people with breast cancer, the RHYTHM intervention improved reported vitality (p = 0.03).
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Breast Cancer
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Open Physical Energy IncreaseShow studies (2)
RCTCpositiven=3140% confidence2017A dance intervention for cancer survivors and their partners (RHYTHM).
RHYTHM had significant positive effects on ... vitality (p = 0.03)
Top journalInactive controlCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 13 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
13 mentions - →Weight Management SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a randomized trial of 75 people, the dance group lost 0.98 kg after the experiment (Δ=-0.98 kg; intergroup p=0.012).
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 43/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Open Weight Management SupportShow studies (2)
RCTCpositiven=7540% confidence2012The effect of ballroom dance on balance and functional autonomy among the isolated elderly.
only the members of the EG achieved a significant reduction in weight (Δ=-0.98 kg) following the experiment, both in the intragroup (p=0.002) and in the intergroup analysis (p=0.012).
MD -0.98Top journalOpen-labelInactive controlBorderline p-valueCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive45% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 6 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
6 mentions - →Muscle Mass IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a randomized trial of 34 healthy people, muscle thickness increased after training by 16% for VL, 17% for TA, 19% for BF and 15% for GM.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Format
- Group
A repeated course
Open Muscle Mass IncreaseShow studies (1)
RCTCpositiven=3450% confidence2015Effect of an Eight-Week Ballroom Dancing Program on Muscle Architecture in Older Adults Females.
After training, the DG showed greater (p < .05) thickness for VL (16%), TA (17%), BF (19%), and GM (15%)
Main outcomeInactive control - →Physical Strength IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations6 cited studies · 1 other source
A randomized trial of 43 people found improved peak torque during 180° extension after dance training: 56.7 Nm before and 61.2 Nm after, compared with 56.7 Nm before and 56.1 Nm after in the walking group. However, a pooled analysis found no significant differences in muscle strength or several measures of standing, balance and walking.
What the sources found
4 positive · 3 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 32/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Arthritis (General)
- Dementia
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
- +1 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article6
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Best neutral/negative study outranks the best positive study
Open Physical Strength IncreaseShow studies (7)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=184029% confidence2026No significant differences were observed in muscle strength, 5 times Sit-To-Stand, Time Up and Go, Single Leg Test, 30s Chair Stand, and gait speed.
Top journalStudies disagreeMain outcomeInactive controlSystematic reviewCStudy of the wider practice familypositive38% confidence2025The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.
Multiple studies conclude that dance has a significant impact on the physical health of the elderly, enhancing strength, flexibility, balance, endurance, and mobility.
Weak journalMain outcomeRCTCpositiven=4350% confidence2024The BD group performed better after the intervention in relation to the WT in the ... Peak Torque 180° extension (PKTOQ 180° extension) (BD pre = 56.7 Nm vs post = 61.2 Nm, WT pre = 56.7 Nm vs post = 56.1; P ...
RCTCneutraln=2835% confidence2012Effects of a salsa dance training on balance and strength performance in older adults.
However, salsa dancing did not have significant effects on various measures of gait variability and leg extensor power.
Open-labelInactive controlCross SectionalCneutraln=10830% confidence2006Cognitive and mobility profile of older social dancers.
OSDs had better balance but not strength than ONDs.
Top journal+1 more in SourcesCase reportDpositiven=115% confidence2013The patient showed improvements in range of motion, strength, balance, functional mobility, gait distance, and speed.
Top journalNo control group - →Coordination ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Learning and performing dance steps may engage motor coordination and proprioception. Some community members also report this effect.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Coordination ImprovementShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceLearning and performing dance steps enhances motor coordination and proprioception.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 9 of 274 community reports discussing it (Reddit 7, Hacker News 2).
9 mentions - →Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
The combination of physical activity, music, and social interaction in dance may buffer stress and support coping. Some community reports mention this effect.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 40/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Stress Resilience ImprovementShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceThe combination of physical activity, music, and social interaction in dance can buffer stress and improve coping.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive30% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 3 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
3 mentions - →Cardiovascular Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
At moderate intensity, dancing contributes to aerobic physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, which are described as supporting cardiovascular health. Some community reports mention this potential benefit.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 38/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Cardiovascular Health SupportShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceAt moderate intensity, dancing contributes to aerobic physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, which support cardiovascular health.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
2 mentions - →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies · 1 other source
In a qualitative study of 13 people, participants reported reduced fatigue after ballroom dance. A cohort study of 66 people found no significant relationship between fatigue changes and either weeks of dance training (p=0.581) or dance experience (p=0.348), so findings differ.
What the sources found
1 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 32/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer (General)
- Multiple Sclerosis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Best neutral/negative study outranks the best positive study
Open Fatigue ReductionShow studies (3)
Cohort studyCneutraln=6640% confidence2021The dance training did not have any influence on fatigue since weeks of training (p=0.581), and dance experience (p=0.348) did not significantly predict changes in fatigue
Top journalMain outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupQualitativeDpositiven=1330% confidence2024Ballroom Dancing for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Perceptions of the Experience.
Ballroom dance improved perceived symptoms... as well as reduced fatigue and alleviated depression
No control groupCommunity reportssubtle effectneutral25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
2 mentions - →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Regular moderate-intensity dance is proposed to improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Sleep Quality ImprovementShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceRegular moderate-intensity dance can improve sleep quality and reduce sleep onset latency.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Body Composition ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A systematic review of randomized trials in people with hypertension found that dance did not significantly reduce BMI (MD = −0.30, 95% CI (−1.98, 1.39), p = 0.73); the findings did not support this effect.
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 38/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Body Composition ImprovementShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=98325% confidence2024DT did not significantly reduce BMI [MD = −0.30, 95% CI (−1.98, 1.39), p = 0.73]
MD -0.3 [-1.98, 1.39]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive controlCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 8 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
8 mentions
Very low probability(6)
- →Spatial Reasoning ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
No human findings are reported for dance and spatial reasoning, so an improvement in this outcome is not established.
What the sources found
0 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 55/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Spatial Reasoning ImprovementShow studies (1)
RCTCneutraln=11555% confidence2016a between-group effect in favor of dance was noted only for BVST total learning (Cohen’s D Effect size 0.29, p = 0.07)
SMD 0.29Small effectWeak journalBlinded assessorCompleters only31% dropped outToo small to detect it - →HDL Cholesterol IncreaseCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A systematic review of randomized trials in people with hypertension did not support an increase in HDL cholesterol: the confidence interval crossed zero (MD = 0.20, 95% CI (−0.02, 0.42)), and the paper's own table gives p = 0.08.
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 37/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open HDL Cholesterol IncreaseShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=98329% confidence2024it increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [MD = 0.20, 95% CI (−0.02, 0.42), p < 0.0001]. The confidence interval crosses zero; the paper's own table gives p = 0.08.
MD 0.2 [-0.02, 0.42]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive controlExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceAerobic exercise such as dancing can raise HDL cholesterol, though the effect is modest and depends on volume and intensity.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Resting Heart Rate ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A systematic review of randomized trials in people with hypertension found no significant improvement in resting heart rate (MD = −1.76, 95% CI (−6.07, 10.75), p = 0.42).
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 35/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Resting Heart Rate ImprovementShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=98325% confidence2024DT did not significantly improve RHR [MD = −1.76, 95% CI (−6.07, 10.75), p = 0.42]
MD -1.76 [-6.07, 10.75]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive controlExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceRegular moderate-intensity aerobic activity like social dancing can lower resting heart rate by improving cardiovascular efficiency.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Triglyceride Level ReductionCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
In people with hypertension, a systematic review of randomized trials found no significant effect on triglycerides (TG MD = −0.18, 95% CI (−0.40, 0.05), p = 0.12).
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 35/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Triglyceride Level ReductionShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=98325% confidence2024DT did not have a significant effect on TG and LDL-C levels in hypertensive patients (TG MD = −0.18, 95% CI (−0.40, 0.05), p = 0.12)
MD -0.18 [-0.4, 0.05]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive controlExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceRegular aerobic activity like social dancing can lower fasting triglycerides, particularly when combined with dietary improvements.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A systematic review of randomized trials in people with hypertension found that dance therapy did not significantly reduce total cholesterol (MD = −0.11, 95% CI (−0.47, 0.25), p = 0.55).
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 33/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Cholesterol Level ReductionShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familyneutraln=98325% confidence2024DT did not significantly reduce TC levels [MD = −0.11, 95% CI (−0.47, 0.25), p = 0.55]
MD -0.11 [-0.47, 0.25]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive controlExpert opinionpositive40% confidenceSocial dancing, as a form of aerobic exercise, may contribute to modest reductions in total and LDL cholesterol over time.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Neuroprotective EffectCertaintyVery lowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
No human evidence is reported for a neuroprotective effect of dance, so this should not be read as an established benefit.
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 38/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Dementia
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Neuroprotective EffectShow studies (2)
RCTCneutraln=2525% confidence2023although less hippocampal atrophy (tertiary) was observed following social dancing than treadmill walking.
Open-label36% dropped outExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceSocial dancing combines physical, cognitive, and social engagement, which may reduce dementia risk and support brain health.
Expert knowledge synthesis
6 more mentioned only by users
What to expect
A mood effect has been observed after a single session, but in the one follow-up study it had faded fully within 6 days after training. Longer-term findings were measured at the end of programmes: physical-function benefits appeared in trials as short as 12 weeks, with 32 weeks typical; cognitive-function findings came from trials as short as 26 weeks, with 35 weeks typical. These are trial timelines, not guaranteed times to notice change.
Conditions it's used for
Complaints and diagnoses people take it for12 listedMost likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Parkinson's DiseaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCT5 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that folk and ballroom dance improved BBS scores in people with Parkinson's disease, but found no significant differences on TUG.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Dementia
- Depression
- Heart Failure (CHF)
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Open Parkinson's DiseaseShow studies (6)
Meta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familyno effectn=137529% confidence2026Subgroup of 3 studies showed no significant improvement in depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.11, p = 0.85).
SMD -0.11Trivial effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 92%)Too small to detect itMeta-analysisBStudy of the wider practice familyn=121934% confidence2024Folk and ballroom dance improved BBS scores versus control in Parkinson's disease patients; TUG showed no significant differences in this subgroup
Weak journalPooled RCTsInactive controlSystematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice family51% confidence2024All included reviews and the pooled analyses concern people with PD; no contraindication was reported.
Weak journalInactive controlSystematic reviewCStudy of the wider practice family25% confidence2025The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.
Pandya study (mild to moderate Parkinson's disease) reported improved balance confidence and reduced anxiety with DMT and yoga.
Weak journalRCTCn=5130% confidence2017Participants with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr 1-3) were the study population for partnered dancing.
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlExpert opinion50% confidenceDance improves motor symptoms, balance, gait, and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease.
- →DementiaCertaintyMediumSourceClinical6 cited studies
A review focused on older people with dementia living in care homes, and a randomized trial enrolled 60 older adults with dementia. The reported findings identify who was studied but do not describe an outcome or an effect of dance.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Dementia
Protocol behind this outcome
6 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
0.2×/week
- Course
- 26 weeks
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open DementiaShow studies (6)
Systematic reviewC30% confidence2013Dancing as a psychosocial intervention in care homes: a systematic review of the literature.
Review population is older people with dementia living in care homes; the reviewed studies targeted this group.
Top journalNo control groupRCTCn=6045% confidence2018Effects of dance on the postural balance, cognition and functional autonomy of older adults.
Study population selected for dementia; abstract states the sample was older adults with dementia.
Open-labelInactive controlRCTCn=2535% confidence2023Participants selected as dementia-at-risk older adults; preliminary RCT evidence in this population only.
Open-label36% dropped outQualitativeDn=630% confidence2002Emotional response to social dancing and walks in persons with dementia.
The six participants were persons with dementia, the population for whom social dancing and walks were studied.
Top journalNo control groupQualitativeDn=630% confidence1998Six persons with dementia in nursing home dance sessions; retained abilities prominent in dancing.
No control groupQualitativeD25% confidence1997Study population of persons with dementia in special units of a nursing home; social dancing described as positive for these patients.
No control group - →Cancer (General)CertaintyMediumSourceClinical5 cited studies
An observational study of 66 people with cancer found improved functional exercise capacity among those participating in ballroom dancing, and participation was associated with higher self-efficacy. A review of randomized and non-randomized human studies during or after cancer therapy reported no safety signal.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Cancer (General)
Protocol behind this outcome
3 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
90 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 29 weeks
- Per week
- 90 min
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Cancer (General)Show studies (5)
Systematic reviewCn=2735% confidence2018Review and pilot targeted cancer patients during or after therapy; no safety signal reported.
Top journalNo control groupCohort studyCn=6660% confidence2021Observational study showing improvement in functional exercise capacity and association with higher self-efficacy in cancer patients participating in ballroom dancing.
Top journalOpen-labelNo control groupCohort studyCn=6560% confidence2023Observational study showing improved well-being in cancer patients and partners after virtual dance classes.
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control groupCohort studyCn=5160% confidence2025Pilot cohort study showing significant improvements in well-being after ballroom dancing sessions in cancer patients.
Low-quality journalOpen-labelNo control groupPilot studyCn=2225% confidence2018Effect of ballroom dancing on the well-being of cancer patients: Report of a pilot project.
Study population was patients with different types of cancer undergoing different treatments, in whom ballroom dancing was evaluated for well-being.
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control group
Low probability(9)
- →Mild Cognitive ImpairmentCertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general4 cited studies · 1 other source
A subgroup analysis found reduced depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.65, p < 0.05), while pooled comparisons of cognitive function against control were non-significant, with all confidence intervals crossing zero. The cognitive effects were pooled from reviews of older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Dementia
- Depression
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Open Mild Cognitive ImpairmentShow studies (5)
Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generaln=634334% confidence2025Cognitive effects pooled from systematic reviews in older adults with MCI; the paper states that few reviews examined people with dementia.
Top journalStudies disagree (I² 67%)Inactive controlMeta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generaln=137534% confidence2026Subgroup of 3 studies showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.65, p < 0.05).
SMD -0.65Moderate effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 92%)Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generalno effectn=108325% confidence2025Cognitive function comparisons against control were non-significant (all CIs crossed zero).
Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsInactive controlSystematic reviewCStudy of Dance in general25% confidence2025The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.
Several included studies (e.g., Zhao et al., Wang et al., Aguiñaga & Márquez) examined dance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and reported improvements in cognition, mood, or quality of life.
Weak journalExpert opinion50% confidenceDance interventions may slow cognitive decline and improve cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
- →DepressionCertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general2 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a large effect on depression (SMD = −1.11, p < 0.001); people with depression were the predominant study population. Another pooled analysis found results favoring Chinese square dance over control and dance games over conventional treatment.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Depression
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Parkinson's Disease
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Open DepressionShow studies (3)
Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generaln=137546% confidence2026Predominant study population; overall pooled effect significant (SMD = −1.11, p < 0.001).
SMD -1.11Large effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 92%)Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generaln=108346% confidence2025Pooled SMD favoured Chinese square dance over control for depression; dance games also favoured over conventional treatment.
Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsInactive controlExpert opinion50% confidenceSocial dancing is used as a structured physical and social activity for managing mild to moderate depression.
- →Anxiety Disorder (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general1 cited study
Pooled results favored Chinese square dance and group dance over control for anxiety, but differences among dance types were non-significant. The finding came from studies involving people with mild cognitive impairment, so it does not directly establish an effect in people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Mild Cognitive Impairment
Open Anxiety Disorder (General)Show studies (1)
Meta-analysisBStudy of Dance in generaln=108342% confidence2025Pooled SMD favoured Chinese square dance and group dance over control for anxiety; differences among dance types were non-significant.
Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsInactive control - →Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)CertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general1 cited study
A review of randomized trials in people with primary hypertension reported significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with dance therapy; it did not give the size of those reductions.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Open Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)Show studies (1)
Systematic reviewBStudy of Dance in generaln=98351% confidence2024Eleven RCTs in patients with primary hypertension showed significant SBP and DBP reductions with dance therapy; no contraindications were discussed.
Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelInactive control - →Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)CertaintyLowSourceRCTevidence from Dance in general1 cited study
A review of 24 studies found that only one recruited participants with sarcopenia; the review described sarcopenia-specific evidence as limited.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
Open Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)Show studies (1)
Systematic reviewBStudy of Dance in generaln=184034% confidence2026Review of 24 studies; only one study recruited participants with sarcopenia, and the review states that sarcopenia-specific evidence is limited.
Top journalInactive control - →Alzheimer's DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A randomized-trial protocol enrolled 32 older adults selected for dementia-at-risk status, but it reported no outcome data, so it does not establish an effect for Alzheimer’s disease.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Alzheimer's Disease
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Course
- 19 weeks
- Format
- Group
A repeated course
Open Alzheimer's DiseaseShow studies (1)
RCTCn=3220% confidence2020Protocol enrolls older adults selected for dementia-at-risk status; no outcome data reported.
Blinded assessor - →Elderly (65+)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A trial involving 217 older adults associated higher attendance at a dance program with better physical function and dance self-efficacy.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Elderly (65+)
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
60 min · 2×/week
- Course
- 52 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Intensity
- Mixed
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Elderly (65+)Show studies (1)
RCTCn=21770% confidence2025High attendance at dance program was associated with improved physical function (SPPB) and improved dance self-efficacy in older adults.
Top journalOpen-labelNo control group - →Multiple SclerosisCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
A focus group gathered perceptions from 13 community-dwelling adults with multiple sclerosis who had completed a ballroom dance intervention. These qualitative findings do not establish a measured clinical effect.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Multiple Sclerosis
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
60 min
- Format
- Group
Open Multiple SclerosisShow studies (1)
QualitativeDn=1330% confidence2024Ballroom Dancing for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Perceptions of the Experience.
Qualitative focus-group perceptions from 13 community-dwelling adults with MS who completed the ballroom dance intervention.
No control group
Studied only as dance in general, not tested in social dancing yet
These results come from studies of dance as a whole. No study of social dancing has looked at them yet.
Breast Cancer (Medium · 5 trials) · Motivation Increase (Medium · 4 trials) · Emotional Regulation Improvement (Medium · 4 trials) · Analgesic Effect (Medium · 3 trials) · Autism Spectrum Disorder (Medium · 3 trials)
Side effects
8 listedHighest probability
- →Menstrual Cycle ChangesCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a cross-sectional survey of 380 ballroom dancers, 132 (56.7%) reported menstrual disorders after a period of regular menstruation; the finding does not establish that dancing caused them.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 60/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
114 min · 2.8×/week
- Per week
- 319 min
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Menstrual Cycle ChangesShow studies (1)
Cross SectionalCnegativen=38060% confidence2019Menstrual disorders in amateur dancers.
Menstrual disorders following a period of regular menstruation were reported by 132 (56.7%) of ballroom dancers.
56.7%Large effectTop journalMain outcome - →PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A systematic review reported pain in three cases associated with unsupervised at-home dance training.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 2 reportedconfidence 34/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Open PainShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewBStudy of the wider practice familynegativen=184038% confidence2026Pain associated with unsupervised at-home dance training (three cases reported)
Top journalInactive controlCommunity reportsnegative30% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 3 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →Muscle StrainCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Sudden or unfamiliar dance movements can strain muscles, particularly in the lower back, hamstrings, and hip flexors.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 60/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge1
Open Muscle StrainShow studies (1)
Reference knowledgenegative60% confidenceSudden or unaccustomed dance movements can lead to muscle strains, particularly in the lower back, hamstrings, and hip flexors.
- →Joint Pain (Arthralgia)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Repetitive impact and twisting may cause temporary pain in the knees or ankles, particularly for beginners or people with pre-existing joint issues.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 55/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge1
Open Joint Pain (Arthralgia)Show studies (1)
Reference knowledgenegative55% confidenceRepetitive impact and twisting motions may cause transient joint pain, especially in knees and ankles, particularly in beginners or those with pre-existing joint issues.
- →DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Rapid spins or head movements during dance can trigger vertigo or dizziness, particularly in people with vestibular sensitivity.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge1
Open DizzinessShow studies (1)
Reference knowledgenegative50% confidenceRapid spinning or head movements during dance can induce vertigo or dizziness, particularly in individuals with vestibular sensitivity.
- →Injury Risk IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge2 other sources
Vigorous steps, turns, unfamiliar movements, or unsuitable footwear can lead to musculoskeletal injuries or falls.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 2 reportedconfidence 43/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Community reports1
- Reference knowledge1
Open Injury Risk IncreaseShow studies (2)
Reference knowledgenegative55% confidenceDance can cause musculoskeletal injuries or falls, particularly with vigorous steps, turns, unfamiliar movements, or unsuitable footwear.
Community reportsnegative30% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 3 of 251 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →Physical FatigueCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In qualitative accounts from 29 people, bodily limitations and difficulty with challenging steps were linked to tiredness and drained emotional energy, sometimes described as feeling old.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 30/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Open Physical FatigueShow studies (1)
QualitativeDnegativen=2930% confidence2022Dancing My Age: Emotions, Interactions, and Bodily Sensations.
Bodily limitations and failure to perform difficult steps relate to being tired, emotional energy drainage and may be termed as feeling old.
Weak journalNo control group
Low probability(1)
Don't do it if
When to skip it or get medical advice first10 listedHighest probability
- →Acute InjuryCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Acute sprains, strains, or fractures require rest; dancing could worsen the injury and delay healing.
- →AnginaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Active or unstable angina, including chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion, may worsen as dancing increases cardiovascular demand. Activity should wait until the condition has been medically assessed and stabilized.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 80/100
Open AnginaRationale
Active or unstable angina, including chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion, can worsen with the cardiovascular demand of dancing; defer activity until medically assessed and stabilized.
- →Heart ArrhythmiaCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
An uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia involving fainting, near-fainting, or hemodynamic instability may be aggravated by exertion. Assessment is needed before dancing.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 80/100
Open Heart ArrhythmiaRationale
An uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia causing fainting, near-fainting, or hemodynamic instability may be aggravated by exertion and requires assessment before dancing.
- →Heart Disease (General)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Unstable angina, a recent myocardial infarction, or decompensated heart failure can increase the risk of adverse cardiac events during moderate-intensity activity such as social dancing.
In the trials
1 trial of this practice also left out people with this condition. That does not show harm.
PubMed links (1)
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 80/100
Open Heart Disease (General)Rationale
Unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, or decompensated heart failure increases risk of adverse cardiac events during moderate-intensity physical activity like social dancing.
- →Heart Failure (CHF)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
During acute decompensation, worsening breathlessness at rest or rapidly increasing fluid retention can make exertion unsafe. Activity should wait until the condition is stabilized.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 80/100
Open Heart Failure (CHF)Rationale
Acute decompensation, such as worsening breathlessness at rest or rapidly increasing fluid retention, makes exertion unsafe until the condition is stabilized.
- →Recent Heart Attack (MI)CertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
With unstable cardiovascular status after a recent heart attack, physical exertion could trigger complications. Physician clearance is required before resuming moderate-intensity activity.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 80/100
Open Recent Heart Attack (MI)Rationale
Unstable cardiovascular status; physical exertion could trigger complications. Clearance from a physician is required before resuming moderate-intensity activity.
- →Acute Febrile IllnessCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Fever and systemic illness can increase the risk of dehydration, cardiac strain, and heat illness. Physical activity should wait until recovery.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 75/100
Open Acute Febrile IllnessRationale
Fever and systemic illness increase risk of dehydration, cardiac strain, and heat illness; physical activity should be avoided until recovery.
Low probability(3)
- →Recent StrokeCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Impaired balance and coordination after a recent stroke can increase fall risk during dancing. Resumption should wait for medical clearance and may require support.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 75/100
Open Recent StrokeRationale
Impaired balance and coordination increase fall risk; dancing should only be resumed after medical clearance and possibly with support.
- →OsteoarthritisCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
With advanced joint degeneration, pain and limited range of motion may worsen with the repetitive weight-bearing and rotational movements of social dancing.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 70/100
Open OsteoarthritisRationale
Advanced joint degeneration with pain and limited range of motion can be exacerbated by repetitive weight-bearing and rotational movements in social dancing.
- →VertigoCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Acute vertigo or severe dizziness can impair balance and spatial orientation, making dancing unsafe because of fall risk.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 70/100
Open VertigoRationale
Acute vertigo or severe dizziness impairs balance and spatial orientation, making dancing unsafe due to high fall risk.
Who the trials left out
Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm. Ask a clinician first.3 listedLeft out by one trial each (3)
- Arthritis (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
PubMed links (1)
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
Also listed for dance in general (written by our reviewers)
Precautions from the Dance page. They are for dance as a whole and may not all fit social dancing.
Post-Surgery Recovery · Unstable Heart Disease (Unstable Angina / Decompensated Heart Failure)
When you stop
Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing1 listedHighest probability
- →Mood ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
A cohort of 51 found that mood improvement was greatest after training, then returned to baseline in the following days.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 60/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
90 min · 1×/week
- Per week
- 90 min
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Mood ImprovementShow studies (1)
Cohort studyCnegativen=5160% confidence2025The improvement was greatest after training but then returned to the baseline in the following days.
Low-quality journal
Interactions
Combine with caution
Highest severity first
- →CaffeineTheoreticalCaution
Caffeine’s diuretic effect combined with fluid loss from sweating during dancing may increase the risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, especially during prolonged dancing or in hot conditions.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 75/100
Also listed as a synergist — the combination has real benefits, but the risks below apply. Read this entry before combining.
Open Caffeine - →SupplementsCBD (Cannabidiol)TheoreticalCaution
CBD can cause drowsiness and impair coordination, which may increase the risk of falls and injuries during dancing.
Okay to combine with
Highest probability of useful synergy
- →PracticesProfessional Music TherapyCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Structured music therapy may complement the emotional and cognitive benefits of social dancing, particularly for people in neurological and psychiatric populations.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Open Professional Music TherapyConfidence
confidence 65/100
- →PracticesStrength TrainingCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Progressive resistance training provides muscle-strengthening work that social dancing may not consistently supply.
- →SupplementsCaffeineCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating
Caffeine may enhance alertness, reaction time, and physical endurance, potentially supporting dance performance and enjoyment.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 60/100
Also listed as a dangerous interaction — the combination has benefits but carries risk (especially unsupervised). See the dangerous entry for safety information.
Open Caffeine - →PracticesMindfulness MeditationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating
Mindfulness meditation may support body awareness and emotional regulation, potentially enhancing presence and enjoyment during social dancing.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Open Mindfulness MeditationConfidence
confidence 60/100
- →SupplementsOmega-3CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeAdditive
Omega-3 fatty acids may support cognitive flexibility and mood stability, potentially complementing the neurocognitive and emotional benefits of social dancing.
- →PracticesDynamic StretchingCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Dynamic stretching before dancing may increase blood flow, range of motion, and neuromuscular activation, potentially reducing injury risk and supporting movement quality.
- →PracticesBalance TrainingCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalAdditive
Specific balance exercises may complement the balance gains from dancing, supporting greater stability and fall prevention.
Weakens or is weakened by
Highest probability
- →SupplementsEthanol (Alcohol)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeDepleting
Alcohol consumption can impair motor coordination, balance, and reaction time, reducing dance performance and increasing injury risk.
How it works
The mechanisms this practice works through9 listed · 0 established- Body confidence, self-efficacy, and social bondingPsychological mechanismsproposed
Authors propose that social bonding in group sessions, redirection of attention from body image to movement, and mastery of dance skills may explain the SPA reduction.
- Dance self-efficacyPsychological - self-efficacyproposed
Improved dance self-efficacy fully mediated the effect of attendance on physical function outcomes, suggesting self-efficacy enhancement is a core feature of successful dance interventions.
- GnRH, LH, FSH, oestrogenHypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axisproposed
Intensive physical effort inhibits hypothalamic activity, decreasing LH pulse frequency and amplitude, leading to luteal phase defects, decreased oestradiol and progesterone secretion, and potentially anovulatory cycles.
- Lower-limb muscle architecture (muscle thickness, fascicle pennation angle, fascicle length)Neuromuscular remodeling in agingproposed
Dance training was associated with greater muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length in the vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis of older women compared with controls.
- Oestrogen productionEnergy balance and adipose tissueproposed
Negative energetic balance and low body fat content impair oestrogen production, contributing to HPG axis abnormalities and menstrual disorders.
- hippocampal volumeneuroplasticityproposed
Less hippocampal atrophy was observed after social dancing than treadmill walking; no intervention-related differences in fMRI brain activation were observed.
- labor pain perceptionendogenous opioid / gate controlproposed
Authors propose dance increases endorphin levels and reorients focus away from pain; mechanism discussed, not measured in included trials.
- resting heart rate and chronotropic responseautonomic cardiac regulationproposed
Dancers showed lower resting HR and favorable enhanced chronotropic dynamics relative to nondancers in this cross-sectional comparison.
- visuospatial memorycognitive trainingproposed
Dance may improve visuospatial learning and memory through practice of spatial skills needed to remember dance steps.
Variations
4 documentedTypical protocol
39 protocolsEstimatedAcross every study of this practice, whatever the variation.
60 min · 2×/week
- Course
- 13 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Temperature
- 19.3 °C
- Humidity
- 50%
- % of max heart rate
- 85% of max
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
Courses and single sessions · 30 repeated-course and 2 single-session protocols
98% of the corpus contributed
Ballroom Dancing for Beginners
Beginner8/10supervision recommended45–60 min · 2 times a week
Ballroom Dancing for Beginners
Beginner8/10supervision recommended45–60 min · 2 times a week45–60 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
This class introduces basic waltz, foxtrot, and rumba patterns, with practice in rhythm and partnering. It is designed for people new to dance, including older adults.
No equipment needed.
How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Join a group class led by a qualified instructor and find a partner or prepare to rotate partners.
- Begin with a 5-10 minute warm-up including marching in place and gentle joint rotations.
- Learn the basic box step for waltz: step forward with the left foot, step to the side with the right, close the left foot to the right, then step back with the right, side with the left, and close.
- Practice the basic rhythm (slow, quick, quick) for foxtrot, walking forward and backward in a straight line.
- Learn the rumba box step, focusing on the hip action created by bending and straightening the knees.
- Practice each dance for 10-15 minutes, gradually connecting steps into short sequences.
- Cool down with gentle stretching for the legs and shoulders.
Cues
- · Maintain a light but firm frame with your partner.
- · Keep your weight over the balls of your feet.
- · Look up and over your partner's shoulder, not at your feet.
Common mistakes
- Looking down at the feet, which disrupts balance and posture.
- Gripping the partner's hand too tightly.
- Rushing the steps instead of moving to the beat of the music.
Intermediate Ballroom & Latin
Intermediate7/10supervision recommended60–90 min · 2 times a week
Intermediate Ballroom & Latin
Intermediate7/10supervision recommended60–90 min · 2 times a week60–90 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
This class builds on existing dance experience with more complex figures in tango, salsa, and quickstep. Practice includes leading and following, musicality, and a routine that combines steps from multiple dances.
No equipment needed.
How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Attend a structured class with a professional instructor, starting with a dynamic warm-up including isolations and footwork drills.
- Review basic patterns from waltz and rumba to reinforce muscle memory.
- Learn a new tango sequence, such as the progressive link to a closed promenade, focusing on staccato movements.
- Practice a salsa combination involving a cross-body lead and a right turn, paying attention to the syncopated rhythm.
- Work on quickstep chassés and quarter turns, gradually increasing tempo.
- Spend the last 15 minutes practicing a full routine that combines steps from multiple dances to challenge cognitive recall.
- End with a cool-down focusing on balance exercises and static stretching.
Cues
- · Lead with your center, not your arms.
- · Listen for the downbeat to stay in time.
- · Soften your knees to absorb movement and transition smoothly.
Common mistakes
- Anticipating the lead instead of waiting for the signal.
- Taking steps that are too large, making it hard to maintain connection.
- Holding tension in the shoulders and neck.
Studied protocols2 on file
- 120 min· 2 weeks· n=18· A repeated coursePMID 25058624
- PMID 40787603
Community Folk Dancing
Beginner7/10supervision recommended60–90 min · 3 times a week
Community Folk Dancing
Beginner7/10supervision recommended60–90 min · 3 times a week60–90 min · 3 times a week
From studies- How often*
- 3 times a week
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- First half of the day
- Where
- Indoors or outdoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
The sequence moves from a walking warm-up to grapevine patterns, then may add simple arm movements and a partner polka before slowing down for a cooldown and group stretching.
No equipment needed.
As studied
8 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
60 min · 2.5×/week
- Course
- 41 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Intensity
- Mixed
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Derived from2367570527575534397582104119404241204326+3 more in Sources
How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Join a circle or line formation with other participants, holding hands or standing side-by-side as instructed.
- Start with a simple walking warm-up to the beat of folk music.
- Learn the basic grapevine step: step right foot to the side, cross left foot behind, step right to the side again, and tap left foot next to right.
- Practice a sequence that combines the grapevine with forward and backward steps, repeating the pattern as the music loops.
- Add simple arm movements, such as clapping on a specific beat or raising arms while moving forward.
- Progress to a partner-based folk dance like a simple polka, practicing the gallop step in a rotating circle.
- Conclude with a slower, rhythmic dance to bring the heart rate down, followed by group stretching.
Cues
- · Stay light on your feet and bounce gently with the rhythm.
- · Keep your posture upright and chest open.
- · Smile and make eye contact with fellow dancers to enhance social connection.
Common mistakes
- Watching the feet instead of the instructor or the direction of the line.
- Moving with stiff, heavy steps instead of a light, springy action.
- Breaking the circle or line formation by drifting out of place.
Studied protocols9 on file
- 60 min· 2×/week· 52 weeks· n=450· A repeated coursePMID 23675705
- 60 min· 2×/week· 52 weeks· n=530· A repeated coursePMID 27575534
- 60 min· 2×/week· 52 weeks· n=217· A repeated coursePMID 41204326
- 60 min· 2×/week· 52 weeks· n=530· A repeated coursePMID PMC6243542
- 4×/week· 29 weeks· n=1219· A repeated coursePMID 39758210
- 4×/week· 6 weeks· n=6343· A repeated coursePMID 41194042
Adaptive Online Social Dancing
Beginner6/1045–65 min · Weekly
Adaptive Online Social Dancing
Beginner6/1045–65 min · Weekly45–65 min · Weekly
Editorial- How often
- Weekly
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
The class adapts ballroom and Latin steps for solo practice at home, using small-space movements and simplified sequences. It is designed for people with health challenges, including cancer patients, and does not require a partner.
No equipment needed.
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Set up a device with a stable internet connection in a clear, safe space at home.
- Log into the live or recorded class and follow the instructor's guided warm-up, which may include seated breathing and gentle reaches.
- Learn simplified solo versions of waltz and cha-cha steps, such as a forward-and-back basic without a partner.
- Focus on arm styling and footwork patterns that can be performed within a small footprint.
- Take breaks as needed, using the instructor's cues to modify intensity.
- Participate in the cool-down, which often includes guided relaxation and stretching.
Cues
- · Imagine a partner in front of you to maintain posture and frame.
- · Move within your own comfortable range of motion.
- · Focus on the music and the feeling of movement rather than perfect technique.
Common mistakes
- Overexerting to match the instructor's energy level.
- Neglecting the warm-up and cool-down segments.
- Practicing in a cluttered area, increasing the risk of tripping.
How to start
Community experience
Based on 281 public posts from Reddit, Hacker News, YouTube, and Bluesky.
What people report it did
20 outcomes mentioned across 281 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.
Reported benefits17
- Social Function Improvement69 mentions
- Mood Improvement45 mentions
- Physical Function14 mentions
- Physical Energy Increase13 mentions
- Anxiety Reduction11 mentions
- Coordination Improvement9 mentions
- Discipline Improvement9 mentionsnot studied
- Self-Awareness Increase9 mentions
- Body Composition Improvement8 mentions
- Cognitive Function Improvement8 mentions
- Learning Speed Improvement8 mentionsnot studied
- Present Moment Awareness8 mentionsnot studied
- Motivation Increase8 mentionsnot studied
- Physical Endurance Increase8 mentions
- Concentration Improvement6 mentionsnot studied
- Weight Management Support6 mentions
- Emotional Regulation Improvement5 mentionsnot studied
Reported side effects3
- Anxiety Increase9 mentionsnot studied
- Irritabilitynot studied
- Muscle Ache (Myalgia)not studied
References
61 screened · 49 analysed · 50 listed below
Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.
- Group dance interventions for community dwelling older adults to prevent and treat sarcopenia: a mixed methods systematic review.Geroscience2026Systematic reviewBn=1840
- Effects of dance movement therapy and other dance-related interventions on depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of evidence in the past decade.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci2026Meta-analysisBn=1375
- Effects of dance interventions on brain health for older adults with cognitive impairment: an umbrella review.BMC Geriatr2025Meta-analysisBn=6343
- The impact of dance on the mental health of older adults: a network meta-analysis of anxiety, depression, and well-being.Front Psychol2025Meta-analysisBn=1083
- The effects of dance on maternal childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth2025Meta-analysisBn=1486
- Quality assessment and umbrella review of systematic reviews about dance for people with Parkinson's disease.PLoS One2024Systematic reviewB
- Does dance therapy benefit the improvement of blood pressure and blood lipid in patients with hypertension? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Cardiovasc Med2024Systematic reviewBn=983
- The effects of dance interventions on reducing the risk of falls in older adults: a network meta-analysis.Front Public Health2024Meta-analysisBn=1219
- SOCIAL DANCING TO REDUCE FALLS IN OLDER ADULTS—A CLUSTER RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIALInnov Aging2017RCTBn=530
- Social Dancing and Incidence of Falls in Older Adults: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial.PLoS Med2016RCTBn=530
Show all 50 references
- Effect of Ballroom Dancing on the Physical, Psychological, and Mental Well-Being of Oncological Patients: A Pilot Study.2025Observational CohortCn=51
- The impact of dance self-efficacy on dance program participation and health outcomes among older adults: a secondary analysis of the DaNCE cluster-RCT.2025RCTCn=217
- The effect of dance interventions on well-being dimensions in older adults: a systematic review.2025Systematic reviewC
- 10-Week Ballroom Dance Program Improves Mood and Influences Health-Related Elements in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults.2025Quasi ExperimentalCn=30
- Effect of dance on social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem among adults: a systematic review.2025Systematic reviewCn=884
- A 12-Week Ballroom Dance Training Improves Physical Fitness Performance More Than Walking Training in Older Women, Regardless of Vitamin B12 or D Adequacy.2024RCTCn=43
- Evaluation of a Virtual Dance Class for Cancer Patients and Their Partners during the Corona Pandemic-A Real-World Observational Study.2023Observational CohortCn=65
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Social Ballroom Dancing and Treadmill Walking: Preliminary Findings on Executive Function and Neuroplasticity From Dementia-at-Risk Older Adults.2023RCTCn=25
- Correlations Between Physical Activity Level, Quality of Life, and Cognitive Performance in Elderly Individuals Engaging in Multi-Year Dance Activities.2022Observational Cross SectionalCn=38
- Influence of ballroom dancing on fatigue, body image, self-efficacy, and endurance of cancer patients and their partners.2021Observational CohortCn=66
- Exploring the Effects of Arts Intervention Groups on Well-Being Among Older Adults2020RCTCn=64
- A social dancing pilot intervention for older adults at high risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.2020RCTCn=32
- Menstrual disorders in amateur dancers.2019Observational Cross SectionalCn=380
- Effect of ballroom dancing on the well-being of cancer patients: Report of a pilot project.2018Pilot studyCn=22
- Effects of dance on the postural balance, cognition and functional autonomy of older adults.2018RCTCn=60
- Ballroom dancing as physical activity for patients with cancer: a systematic review and report of a pilot project.2018Systematic reviewCn=27
- A dance intervention for cancer survivors and their partners (RHYTHM).2017RCTCn=31
- A randomized controlled feasibility trial exploring partnered ballroom dancing for people with Parkinson's disease.2017RCTCn=51
- Resting Bradycardia, Enhanced Postexercise Heart Rate Recovery and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Recreational Ballroom Dancers.2017Observational Cross SectionalCn=50
- International Ballroom Dancing Against Neurodegeneration: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Greek Community-Dwelling Elders With Mild Cognitive impairment.2017RCTCn=129
- Cognitive Benefits of Social Dancing and Walking in Old Age: The Dancing Mind Randomized Controlled Trial.2016RCTCn=115
- Analysis of static and dynamic balance in healthy elderly practitioners of Tai Chi Chuan versus ballroom dancing.2015Observational Cross SectionalCn=76
- Effect of an Eight-Week Ballroom Dancing Program on Muscle Architecture in Older Adults Females.2015RCTCn=34
- Psychophysiological responses to Salsa dance.2015Quasi ExperimentalCn=20
- Ballroom dance and body size perception.2014Quasi ExperimentalCn=30
- Postural balance and falls in elderly nursing home residents enrolled in a ballroom dancing program.2014RCTCn=59
- Physiological and perceptual responses to Latin partnered social dance.2014Observational Cross SectionalCn=18
- Dancing as a psychosocial intervention in care homes: a systematic review of the literature.2013Systematic reviewC
- Effects of a salsa dance training on balance and strength performance in older adults.2012RCTCn=28
- The effect of ballroom dance on balance and functional autonomy among the isolated elderly.2012RCTCn=75
- Cognitive and mobility profile of older social dancers.2006Observational Cross SectionalCn=108
- Ballroom Dancing for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Perceptions of the Experience.2024QualitativeDn=13
- "I Hear the Music and My Spirits Lift!" Pleasure and Ballroom Dancing for Community-Dwelling Older Adults.2023QualitativeDn=26
- Dancing My Age: Emotions, Interactions, and Bodily Sensations.2022QualitativeDn=29
- The effects of Salsa dance on balance, gait, and fall risk in a sedentary patient with Alzheimer's dementia, multiple comorbidities, and recurrent falls.2013Case reportDn=1
- Can social dancing prevent falls in older adults? a protocol of the Dance, Aging, Cognition, Economics (DAnCE) fall prevention randomised controlled trial.2013RCTDn=450
- Emotional response to social dancing and walks in persons with dementia.2002QualitativeDn=6
- Social dancing: a way to support intellectual, emotional and motor functions in persons with dementia.1998QualitativeDn=6
- Social dancing in the care of persons with dementia in a nursing home setting: a phenomenological study.1997QualitativeD
- Expert knowledge synthesis