Mindfulness Meditation
Mindfulness Meditation is a meditation practice studied in relation to emotional wellbeing, including anxiety and trauma-related symptoms, as well as awareness of bodily sensations. Its research base includes meta-analyses, so some findings draw on pooled trial results rather than isolated reports.
Mindfulness Meditation has been studied in relation to trauma symptom reduction, interoception improvement, and neuroplasticity improvement.
Part of Meditation
Overview
Mindfulness Meditation is a meditation practice studied in relation to emotional wellbeing, including anxiety and trauma-related symptoms, as well as awareness of bodily sensations. Its research base includes meta-analyses, so some findings draw on pooled trial results rather than isolated reports. The overall picture is not equally settled across outcomes: evidence is more developed for some emotional-health themes than for other proposed effects, and the presence of research does not mean a benefit is established for everyone or in every context.
Well researched: 262 studies. Last checked Oct 12, 2026.
- 47
- human evidence
- 41
- eligible
- 10
- unclassified
- 3
- animal / null result
Best-evidenced uses
- Trauma Symptom ReductionHigh · RCT
- PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)High · RCT
- Appetite Suppression (Desired)Medium · Meta-analysis
- 262
- Studies
Evidence checked Oct 12, 2026 · newest study 2026
- A
- 13
- B
- 70
- C
- 166
- D
- 13
346 community reports across 5 platforms
Coverage
- Effects
- 55
- Helps with
- 46
- Side effects
- 12
- Interactions
- 13
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.
What does research say?
What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.
55 claims:1 good evidence18 some evidence10 mixed19 not enough evidence5 not tested in people1 personal stories only1 no benefit found
Trauma Symptom ReductionMeditation in general: Medium · 5 trialsGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.
All 11 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 8.
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a small reduction in PTSD symptoms with mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a reduction among 813 people in its PTSD symptom analysis.
Open the Trauma Symptom Reduction pageCompare with Meditation in general →Appetite Suppression (Desired)Meditation in general: 2 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found reduced sweet intake. In a quasi-experimental study with 66 participants, food-craving scores fell from 84.0 to 55.6 after mindfulness training.
Open the Appetite Suppression (Desired) pageCompare with Meditation in general →Cognitive Function ImprovementMeditation in general: Medium · 18 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
21 of 25 studies found a benefit; 4 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session. Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 8.
Pooled analyses whose designs were not recorded reported improved cognitive outcomes, including subjective cognitive function among 1,364 people. Findings are mixed overall, with another pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reporting benefits in specific cognitive domains but inconsistent results for general cognition.
Open the Cognitive Function Improvement pageCompare with Meditation in general →Self-Compassion ImprovementMeditation in general: Medium · 7 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
13 of 14 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 6.
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found increased self-kindness, one aspect of self-compassion. A review also reported improved self-compassion after training among 100 participants.
Open the Self-Compassion Improvement pageCompare with Meditation in general →Analgesic EffectMeditation in general: Medium · 10 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
17 of 20 studies found a benefit; 3 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session. Trials that found it ran as little as 7 weeks, typically 8.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in pain among 2,534 people; the authors noted that excluding one study changed the estimate. Another pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a small short-term benefit compared with a waiting-list control.
Open the Analgesic Effect pageCompare with Meditation in general →Blood Pressure SupportMeditation in general: Medium · 5 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 7 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it typically ran 8 weeks.
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a reduction in systolic blood pressure among 429 participants compared with a waitlist, but found no effect on diastolic blood pressure. Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded also reported reduced systolic blood pressure in people with hypertension.
Open the Blood Pressure Support pageCompare with Meditation in general →Interoception ImprovementMeditation in general: Medium · 3 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. A trial found it after a single session. Trials that found it typically ran 8 weeks.
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a small-to-medium average increase in self-reported interoception among 2,191 people. This finding concerns self-reports rather than a direct measure of bodily awareness.
Open the Interoception Improvement pageCompare with Meditation in general →Pregnancy Outcome SupportMeditation in general: 1 trialSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials. Trials that found it ran as little as 5 weeks, typically 6.
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found shorter labour among 180 participants receiving the intervention. A separate trial with 133 participants found higher odds of ultrasound-confirmed intrauterine pregnancy among those who completed MBSR sessions.
Open the Pregnancy Outcome Support pageCompare with Meditation in general →
Only reported by users, not studied: Discipline Improvement and Biorhythm Regulation.
What to expect
Some changes have been found after a single session, but this does not mean they persist. Benefits were measured in trials lasting as little as 0.7 to 4 weeks, with typical programmes lasting 8 weeks; these are measurement points, not guaranteed start times. After people stopped, follow-up showed mixed persistence across several outcomes. Reported effects also occurred during programmes of 8 weeks, and anxiety increase was reported after a single session as well.
Also studied in people with 46 health conditions
How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)Meditation in general: 2 trialsGood evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Good human studies found a benefit, and they mostly agree. This is about what studies measured, not a cure.
All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
Open the PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) pageCompare with Meditation in general →Breast CancerMeditation in general: High · 7 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Large
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
13 of 14 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
Open the Breast Cancer pageCompare with Meditation in general →PregnancyMeditation in general: 1 trialSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Medium
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled analysis reported an improvement after intervention and within 6 weeks postpartum among pregnant women. A separate RCT involving 76 people reported positive brain changes with MBSR during pregnancy, but this was a preliminary secondary analysis.
Open the Pregnancy pageCompare with Meditation in general →Chronic PainMeditation in general: Medium · 4 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A review of 4 studies found improvements in emotional regulation and control over pain, but reductions in pain intensity were inconsistent. In a separate RCT, changes in willingness, valued activities, and catastrophizing were associated with reduced pain intensity and interference; the finding does not establish a direct mindfulness effect on pain outcomes.
Open the Chronic Pain pageCompare with Meditation in general →Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)Meditation in general: Medium · 3 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
5 of 6 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
Pooled analyses of randomized trials found lower systolic blood pressure versus waitlist in people with prehypertension or hypertension, although the authors graded this evidence as very low quality. In adults with elevated blood pressure or stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension, diastolic blood pressure decreased versus control, while the systolic effect was marginal and not clearly significant.
Open the Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) pageCompare with Meditation in general →Coronary Artery DiseaseSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 3 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs reported improvements in anxiety, depression, and stress with mindfulness-based interventions. In a separate uncontrolled pre-post study, depressive symptoms decreased after MBSR and remained lower at 12 months among 16 completers.
Open the Coronary Artery Disease pageAutism Spectrum DisorderMeditation in general: Medium · 3 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Small
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded found a small improvement in social responsiveness among children with autism spectrum disorder. A separate review described preliminary findings for anxiety and depression in adults, based on 8 studies with small samples and high heterogeneity.
Open the Autism Spectrum Disorder pageCompare with Meditation in general →Diabetes Type 2Some evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit.
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded reported reductions in stress, depression, anxiety, and HbA1c at the end of treatment, but the authors described the certainty as very low and the evidence as insufficient for clinical recommendations. In an RCT involving 100 people with type 2 diabetes, blended MBSR improved psychological outcomes, with diabetes self-management improving via mediation.
Open the Diabetes Type 2 page
Studied only as meditation in general, not tested in mindfulness meditation yet
These results come from studies of meditation as a whole. No study of mindfulness meditation has looked at them yet.
Depression (Medium · 30 trials) · ADHD (Medium · 3 trials)
Before you try it
What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.
- Side effects
Possible: Headache.
11 more with weak evidence.
- May not suit you if you have
- Psychosis, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Perimenopause
- Some trials left out people with
- Psychosis, Drug Addiction, Pregnancy, Depression, and 7 more
- Reported by users
- Anxiety Increase (11 posts), Concentration Difficulty, Derealization, Insomnia, and 5 more
- Also listed for meditation in general (written by our reviewers)
- Bipolar ManiaPrecautions from the Meditation page. They are for meditation as a whole and may not all fit mindfulness meditation.
General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.
How people do it
A gentle start, then what the studies used.
- Start with
- 10 minutes, weekly (App-Guided Mindfulness)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
- What the studies ran
- 8 weeks
- Longest session studied
- 180 minutes (Standard MBSR)Not a target and not a safe limit: past it there is no evidence either way.
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
Effects
55 listedStart here
Highest probability, strongest evidence
- →Trauma Symptom ReductionCertaintyHighSourceRCTSmall effectlong-term11 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a small reduction in PTSD symptoms with mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a reduction among 813 people in its PTSD symptom analysis.
Medium probability(28)
- →Appetite Suppression (Desired)CertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysis2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found reduced sweet intake. In a quasi-experimental study with 66 participants, food-craving scores fell from 84.0 to 55.6 after mindfulness training.
- →Pregnancy Outcome SupportCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisLarge effect2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found shorter labour among 180 participants receiving the intervention. A separate trial with 133 participants found higher odds of ultrasound-confirmed intrauterine pregnancy among those who completed MBSR sessions.
- →Present Moment AwarenessCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term37 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found increased mindfulness within 6 weeks postpartum among 303 participants. Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found an increase among 2,060 people, although findings across studies were not fully consistent.
- →Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term64 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found reduced total mood disturbance, and another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded reported reduced burnout at follow-up periods ranging from under 1 week to at least 12 weeks. The studies do not give a consistent picture across mood-related outcomes.
- →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisSmall effectconflicting findingslong-term91 cited studies · 2 other sources
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in depressive symptoms among 2,534 people, while another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded reported a larger reduction among 3,440 people. Results are not uniform: a pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported an effect whose confidence interval included no effect.
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term107 cited studies · 2 other sources
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in anxiety among 2,534 people. Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found reduced fear of childbirth among 644 people; studies also disagree, with a pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded finding no significant difference between mindfulness-based interventions and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for social anxiety symptoms.
- →Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effectconflicting findingslong-term70 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in perceived stress among 2,534 people, and another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found lower stress scores across several follow-up periods. Findings differ by population: a pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found no significant effect on psychological resilience in parents of children with autism.
- →Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect25 cited studies · 1 other source
Pooled analyses whose designs were not recorded reported improved cognitive outcomes, including subjective cognitive function among 1,364 people. Findings are mixed overall, with another pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reporting benefits in specific cognitive domains but inconsistent results for general cognition.
- →Self-Compassion ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effectlong-term14 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found increased self-kindness, one aspect of self-compassion. A review also reported improved self-compassion after training among 100 participants.
- →Analgesic EffectCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect20 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in pain among 2,534 people; the authors noted that excluding one study changed the estimate. Another pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported a small short-term benefit compared with a waiting-list control.
- →Blood Pressure SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect7 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a reduction in systolic blood pressure among 429 participants compared with a waitlist, but found no effect on diastolic blood pressure. Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded also reported reduced systolic blood pressure in people with hypertension.
- →Interoception ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect3 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a small-to-medium average increase in self-reported interoception among 2,191 people. This finding concerns self-reports rather than a direct measure of bodily awareness.
- →Self-Awareness IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect3 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found improved insight among 1,224 participants. A separate quasi-experimental study reported that insight scores rose from 10.71 ± 1.89 to 12.03 ± 1.45.
- →Physical FunctionCertaintyMediumSourceRCT8 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found improved disability scores at eight weeks with MBSR compared with other therapies. A separate trial assessed limb function after stroke, while another pooled analysis reported reduced gait speed in one study.
- →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findings21 cited studies · 1 other source
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a small reduction in fatigue among 2,534 people, and another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found improvement with interventions lasting eight weeks among 537 participants. Findings conflict: a pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found no reduction among 750 people.
- →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findings37 cited studies · 2 other sources
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded reported improved sleep quality among 352 people, and another reported greater benefits among people with clinical conditions. Results conflict: a pooled analysis of randomized trials found no significant difference in sleep quality.
- →Neuroplasticity ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTlong-term2 cited studies
In a 2025 trial with 76 participants, the stress-reduction group had a larger surface area in the right superior frontal region than the usual-care group. A 2024 pilot with 23 participants also reported an association with larger right hippocampal volumes after MBSR.
- →Respiratory Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies
A review reported reduced momentary breathlessness with a digital mindfulness intervention in people with COPD, and a brief body-scan intervention was associated with a 1.2-unit reduction on a breathlessness scale. In people with asthma, improved asthma control was associated with changes in connectivity between brain regions involved in attention and emotion regulation.
- →Emotional Regulation ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effectconflicting findingslong-term32 cited studies · 1 other source
Reviews report improved emotional regulation with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, but the findings are not consistent: a pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found no significant difference in emotional and behavioral problems among 87 participants. A separate review reported an association between mindfulness and lower burnout among 385 people.
- →Rumination ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies · 2 other sources
In a trial with 138 participants, people using a mindfulness app reported less engagement in repetitive thoughts at weeks 2, 5 and 8. Another trial with 186 participants found less rumination at follow-up with individual, unguided online mindfulness-based cognitive therapy than with care as usual.
- →Physical Energy IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies · 1 other source
A trial with 86 participants found lower behavioral fatigue scores in the intervention group than in the control group. A separate quasi-experimental study with 388 participants reported improvement in the physical dimension of a health questionnaire after an online intervention.
- →Concentration ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies · 2 other sources
A review reported an improvement in flow among 576 participants, though results varied considerably across studies. A trial with 32 participants found a difference in visual fixation patterns between the experimental and control groups over time.
- →Empathy ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical6 cited studies · 1 other source
A review reported increased empathy after training among 32 participants. A separate trial found that living with a partner predicted a steeper increase in a compassion measure; this does not establish a general effect on empathy.
- →Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceClinical10 cited studies · 1 other source
One review reported fewer headache days at week 20 in the MBSR group than in the comparison group among 98 participants. Another review described changes in pain-related brain responses among 40 participants; these findings do not establish a general effect across chronic pain conditions.
- →Pain Tolerance ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source
A trial with 32 participants found higher chronic-pain acceptance in the experimental group than in the control group at the second assessment. A review also reported associations between pain-control beliefs and less pain interference, rather than demonstrating that the practice directly increased pain tolerance.
- →Cardiovascular Health SupportCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found a reduction in diastolic blood pressure with MBSR compared with control conditions. A separate trial with 48 participants reported a decrease in blood pressure during stress in the meditation group.
- →Reaction Speed IncreaseCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A review reported faster reaction times than sham control during a working-memory task among 24 participants. A trial with 69 young adults also reported faster eye-movement reaction times, but the time-by-intervention interaction was not significant.
Low probability(25)
- →Loneliness ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effect1 cited study
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a small reduction in loneliness among 602 people, using measures that included the UCLA Loneliness Scale and PROMIS-CAT.
- →Memory ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCT3 cited studies · 1 other source
A trial with 170 participants found a small improvement in memory performance compared with controls; the authors noted that practice effects may have contributed. Another trial in people with breast cancer reported a possible role for increased mindfulness in changes to logical memory at 6 months.
Meditation in general: Not rated, mixed results (3 trials) →
- →Respiratory Rate OptimizationCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A review reported a reduction in respiratory rate of −1.2 breaths/min and increased inspiratory time after the intervention.
- →Sexual Function and Libido ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review covering 301 participants reported improvements in desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and total sexual-function scores.
- →Improve Heart Rate Variability (HRV)CertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 1 other source
A trial with 127 participants found higher RMSSD in the mindfulness-based childbirth program group than in the control group at two follow-up points. A review also reported increased RMSSD across three studies involving 120 participants.
- →Sleep Onset ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 2 other sources
A trial with 46 participants found that PSQI sleep-latency scores decreased from 1.50 ± 0.67 to 0.86 ± 0.64.
- →Cholesterol Level ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study in 74 healthy participants reported LDL levels of 129 ± 29 vs. 110 ± 31 mg/dL.
- →Irritability ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A trial with 92 participants found improved anger management in the intervention group compared with the control group.
- →Inflammation ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
In a trial with 142 participants with Crohn's disease, fecal calprotectin levels decreased over follow-up in the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group receiving treatment as usual. A separate trial in people with asthma linked changes in eosinophil levels with changes in brain responses to emotional words.
- →Female Fertility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a trial with 100 participants receiving care for female infertility, the mindfulness meditation group had higher numbers of punctured follicles and retrieved oocytes.
- →Alertness IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A trial with 191 participants found reduced sleepiness after MBSR, measured with the ARSQ.
- →Working Memory ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A trial with 89 participants found improvement on Letter-Number Sequencing from baseline to post-intervention, with the improvement still present at follow-up.
- →Eye and Vision Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A trial with 60 participants found differences between groups in best-corrected visual acuity at 1, 3 and 6 months.
- →Resting Heart Rate ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A trial with 78 participants observed a reduction in heart rate in the experimental group after the intervention.
- →HDL Cholesterol IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study in 74 healthy participants reported HDL levels of 63 ± 13 vs. 69 ± 14 mg/dL.
- →Antipsychotic Adjunct EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review covering 11 participants reported that AHs decreased 1 week after neurofeedback, then returned to baseline after more than 12 weeks.
- →Mental Productivity IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a cross-sectional study, participants described better focus at work as well as improved priority-setting, problem-solving, creativity and productivity. These were reported experiences, not results from an intervention trial.
- →Vagal Tone ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A review proposes that 8 weeks of MBSR may support autonomic regulation and cardiac sympathovagal balance through breathing exercises and emotional calmness; this account is not based on human trial evidence.
- →Blood Flow ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceReviewnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A review proposes that MBSR may support endothelial function through greater attention to physical and mental well-being and a calm state; this account is not based on human trial evidence.
- →Brain Fog ReductionCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Mindfulness meditation may reduce subjective cognitive difficulties such as brain fog in people with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and long COVID. Some people also report this effect: it was mentioned in 5 of 293 Reddit reports discussing it.
- →Migraine ReliefCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalSmall effectconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations2 cited studies
In a qualitative study, 9 of 10 participants felt better able to manage migraine symptoms. However, a pooled analysis of randomized trials did not find a statistically significant benefit for migraine frequency.
- →Task Switching ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Mindfulness meditation may improve cognitive flexibility and task-switching ability in healthy adults and in clinical populations with attentional deficits.
- →Immune System SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Mindfulness meditation may enhance immune function, with reductions in inflammatory markers and improved antibody responses reported in some studies.
- →Methylation SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Mindfulness meditation may influence epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation patterns associated with stress-related genes.
- →Digestion ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
Two of 11 participants reported that mindfulness practice eased gastrointestinal symptoms, improved appetite and reduced bloating.
Very low probability(1)
- →Balance ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
Studies in people with Parkinson's disease did not support improved balance; a pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies described the evidence for benefit on balance and mobility as limited.
2 more mentioned only by users
What to expect
Some changes have been found after a single session, but this does not mean they persist. Benefits were measured in trials lasting as little as 0.7 to 4 weeks, with typical programmes lasting 8 weeks; these are measurement points, not guaranteed start times. After people stopped, follow-up showed mixed persistence across several outcomes. Reported effects also occurred during programmes of 8 weeks, and anxiety increase was reported after a single session as well.
Conditions it's used for
Complaints and diagnoses people take it for46 listedHighest probability, strongest evidence
- →PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)CertaintyHighSourceRCT4 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded found a reduction in PTSD symptoms (SMD=-0.20), alongside changes in depression, quality of life, and mindfulness. Another pooled analysis reported an improvement versus control after treatment, but the between-group effect was not significant at follow-up.
Medium probability(14)
- →PregnancyCertaintyMediumSourceMeta-analysisModerate effect4 cited studies
A pooled analysis reported an improvement after intervention and within 6 weeks postpartum among pregnant women. A separate RCT involving 76 people reported positive brain changes with MBSR during pregnancy, but this was a preliminary secondary analysis.
- →Breast CancerCertaintyMediumSourceRCTLarge effect14 cited studies
Pooled randomized trials in people with breast cancer reported improvements in anxiety, depression, fatigue, and quality of life with MBSR versus usual care. A separate pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded found reductions in anxiety (MD=-0.67) and depression (MD=-2.26) scores with mindfulness-based interventions versus control.
- →Chronic PainCertaintyMediumSourceRCT6 cited studies
A review of 4 studies found improvements in emotional regulation and control over pain, but reductions in pain intensity were inconsistent. In a separate RCT, changes in willingness, valued activities, and catastrophizing were associated with reduced pain intensity and interference; the finding does not establish a direct mindfulness effect on pain outcomes.
- →Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)CertaintyMediumSourceRCT6 cited studies
Pooled analyses of randomized trials found lower systolic blood pressure versus waitlist in people with prehypertension or hypertension, although the authors graded this evidence as very low quality. In adults with elevated blood pressure or stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension, diastolic blood pressure decreased versus control, while the systolic effect was marginal and not clearly significant.
- →AsthmaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies
A review described a 16-week yoga-mindfulness RCT in people with severe asthma that improved HRQoL (SGRQ −7.2 points, p=0.01) and breathing control (Dyspnea-12 −4.5 points, p=0.03). Another RCT found that improved asthma control was associated with changes in salience network connectivity, but that relationship was correlational.
- →Coronary Artery DiseaseCertaintyMediumSourceRCT3 cited studies
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs reported improvements in anxiety, depression, and stress with mindfulness-based interventions. In a separate uncontrolled pre-post study, depressive symptoms decreased after MBSR and remained lower at 12 months among 16 completers.
- →Autism Spectrum DisorderCertaintyMediumSourceRCTSmall effect2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded found a small improvement in social responsiveness among children with autism spectrum disorder (SMD −0.35, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.04, p=0.03). A separate review described preliminary findings for anxiety and depression in adults, based on 8 studies with small samples and high heterogeneity.
- →Diabetes Type 2CertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded reported reductions in stress, depression, anxiety, and HbA1c at the end of treatment, but the authors described the certainty as very low and the evidence as insufficient for clinical recommendations. In an RCT involving 100 people with type 2 diabetes, blended MBSR improved psychological outcomes, with diabetes self-management improving via mediation.
- →FibromyalgiaCertaintyMediumSourceRCT2 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found improved quality of life at short and long term follow-up and reduced pain catastrophizing versus active control, but pain severity did not significantly improve versus active control. A separate trial involving 95 people reported greater improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms than with a waitlist.
- →Generalized Anxiety DisorderCertaintyMediumSourceClinical4 cited studies
A review reported reduced anxiety with MBSR among people aged 13-26 with anxiety disorders, but did not provide pooled statistics. In an RCT involving 198 people with generalized anxiety disorder, self-compassion improved over time in both the MBSR and escitalopram groups, and MBSR was not superior overall.
- →Female InfertilityCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
An RCT involving 100 people undergoing IVF-ET reported improved psychological outcomes, pain, and reproductive outcomes with mindfulness meditation versus conventional care. A separate RCT involving 34 women undergoing IVF also found improved psychosocial outcomes.
- →MenopauseCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
In menopausal women, an RCT involving 146 people reported lower MRS total scores in the intervention groups than in the control group. A separate RCT involving 84 people found improvements in quality of life, life satisfaction, mental well-being, and sleep disturbances with MBSR versus control.
- →Mild Cognitive ImpairmentCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A study of modified MBSR found reduced anxiety, while other outcomes were not significant. In a separate RCT involving 89 people, letter-number sequencing changed over time in both groups, but MBSR was not superior to HPP and there were no significant group differences on TMT or Stroop.
- →Parkinson's DiseaseCertaintyMediumSourceClinical2 cited studies
A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improvements in anxiety, depression, and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease, while motor, balance, and cognitive findings were inconsistent or limited. A separate review reported improved participation and activity scores and support for fatigue management.
Low probability(29)
- →Cancer (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effect13 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found reductions in psychological symptoms among adults with cancer, with evidence concentrated in breast cancer and substantial variation across studies. Other pooled analyses whose designs were not recorded found post-intervention improvement that was smaller at 1–6 month follow-up, while a separate pooled analysis did not find statistically significant effects on distress, anxiety, fatigue, or emotional regulation; findings therefore differ.
- →InsomniaCertaintyLowSourceRCT4 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded found sleep improvement in clinical populations that included people with insomnia (Hedges' g = 0.45, p < 0.001). A separate RCT found improvement on the Athens Insomnia Scale that remained at 6-month follow-up, while another pooled analysis did not find a significant effect; the pooled findings differ.
- →Back PainCertaintyLowSourceRCT3 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found improved RMDQ scores at 8 weeks among people with chronic low back pain, but the result was not significant at 6 months. A separate small RCT found improvements across pain acceptance, mood, stress, life satisfaction, and well-being after an 8-week MBSR program.
- →COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)CertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies
A review focused mostly on COPD reported improvements in anxiety, depression, stress, dyspnea, and HRQoL across RCTs and observational studies.
- →Lung CancerCertaintyLowSourceRCT2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded reported improvements in cancer-related fatigue, psychological states, and sleep quality with MBSR plus usual care compared with usual care alone; overall quality-of-life improvement was a non-significant trend (p=0.06). In patients with NSCLC undergoing surgery and chemotherapy, an RCT found lower PFS fatigue scores in the MBSR group than in controls.
- →Major Depressive DisorderCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A systematic review of 87 studies reported that MBCT reduces depressive symptoms.
- →Pulmonary FibrosisCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A review described one RCT in which online mindfulness-based interventions reduced dyspnea, with nearly half of participants reporting meaningful improvements. Disease-specific quality of life did not significantly change, and responses varied across chronic pulmonary disease phenotypes.
- →TinnitusCertaintyLowSourceRCT1 cited study
A pooled analysis whose study designs were not recorded reported sleep and mental health benefits in clinical populations that included people with tinnitus; trials by Boettcher and Hesser specifically targeted tinnitus.
- →MigraineCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies
One randomized clinical trial involving 98 people found fewer headache days and lower HIT-6 disability at week 20 with MBSR than with stress management education. However, a pooled analysis of randomized trials did not find a significant improvement in migraine frequency; the studies therefore disagree, and no study measured headache intensity.
- →Addiction (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT involving 80 people found reduced craving, IAT, and DSM-5 scores after mindfulness meditation compared with progressive muscle relaxation; it also reported changes in functional connectivity.
- →Atrial FibrillationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A pilot RCT involving 80 people undergoing RFCA found improvements in pain, anxiety, and fatigue during the procedure with BCI-based mindfulness meditation.
- →Binge Eating DisorderCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
One study involving adults with binge eating disorder or overweight/obesity reported reductions in attentional bias and binge eating.
- →Chronic Kidney DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT involving 29 people with chronic kidney disease found reduced sympathetic reactivity to mental stress after MBSR versus a health education program.
- →COVID-19CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a small, open-label RCT involving 84 pregnant women with COVID-19, posttest scores on NuPDQ, BAI and CAQ were lower in the MBSR group than in the comparison group.
- →Crohn's DiseaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A multicenter RCT involving 142 people with IBD and elevated distress found reduced psychological distress (HADS, d=-0.61, p<.001) and improved well-being.
- →HIV/AIDSCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In an RCT involving 180 people, depression symptoms improved at 8 weeks and perceived quality of life improved at 16 weeks versus a waitlist, while cognitive outcomes did not differ.
- →IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A single-arm feasibility trial found improvements in anxiety, depression, and quality of life that persisted at 6-month follow-up; 7 people completed the trial.
- →Multiple SclerosisCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a single-arm pre/post pilot involving 23 people, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue, loneliness, and well-being improved after 8-week MBSR. Without a control group, the changes do not establish that the program caused the improvements.
- →ObesityCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review reported that clinical populations with obesity or binge eating disorder had higher attentional bias at baseline and greater reductions after mindfulness intervention.
- →PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study found that women with PCOS reported lower worry scores than with routine care immediately after MBSR and one month later.
- →Pulmonary HypertensionCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A single-arm feasibility study involving 12 people found that an online mindfulness-based self-management program was feasible, with 75% completion, and acceptable. Participants also reported improved quality of life and resilience, alongside qualitative reports of reduced pain and greater self-compassion; there was no control group.
- →SchizophreniaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A small fMRI pilot involving 11 people found that auditory hallucinations decreased at 1 week, but the improvement was not sustained at 12 weeks; the work was considered a feasibility pilot.
- →SclerodermaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study involving 32 people with SSc found better anger control and expression than with a waitlist, while most other outcomes did not change.
- →Stroke RecoveryCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A pilot RCT involving 158 people found non-significant improvements in processing speed, executive function, and global cognition with modified MBSR versus a stroke support group. The authors suggested possible benefit for cognitive domains that depend on the frontal lobes.
- →StrokeCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies
An RCT involving 72 people found that mindfulness meditation improved sleep quality and negative emotions in the trial population.
- →Nociceptive PainCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In qualitative interviews, participants described perceived benefits in mindfulness, pain acceptance, and supplementary pain relief; no adverse events were reported.
- →IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)CertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Mindfulness meditation is described as a complementary therapy for IBS, with reports of reduced symptom severity and improved quality of life.
Very low probability(2)
- →Diabetes (General)CertaintyVery lowSourceMeta-analysisnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A pooled analysis of randomized trials did not find improved HbA1c either after the intervention or at follow-up.
- →EpilepsyCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A single-arm pilot involving 15 people did not support clinical efficacy: changes in BDI-II and PSQI were non-significant, and anxiety, stress, interoception, and seizure frequency did not significantly change.
Studied only as meditation in general, not tested in mindfulness meditation yet
These results come from studies of meditation as a whole. No study of mindfulness meditation has looked at them yet.
Depression (Medium · 30 trials) · ADHD (Medium · 3 trials)
Side effects
12 listedHighest probability
- →HeadacheCertaintyMediumSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
An RCT involving 61 people with a clinical condition reported headache or migraine.
Low probability(11)
- →Anxiety IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In an RCT involving 670 people with a clinical condition, scores exceeding pre-validated psychological-distress cut-offs triggered an adverse-event protocol.
- →Muscle CrampsCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A review pooling analyses whose study designs were not recorded reported increased spasticity during mindful body awareness.
- →DizzinessCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT involving 61 people with a clinical condition reported dizziness and shortness of breath during yoga.
- →Physical FatigueCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT involving 61 people with a clinical condition reported fatigue during exercises.
- →Increased Thirst and UrinationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT involving 61 people with a clinical condition reported thirst during yoga.
- →PainCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
An RCT involving 61 people with a clinical condition reported pain during exercises.
- →Hormonal ImbalanceCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A cross-sectional study of 199 people reported positive indirect effects on psychological and somatic–vegetative symptoms (β = 0.108, p = 0.003 and β = 0.029; p = 0.033, respectively).
- →Motivation DecreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a cross-sectional study, 9,732 participants self-reported a negative impact on leadership; this finding does not establish that motivation itself decreased.
- →DepersonalizationCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A quasi-experimental study of 78 healthy participants found increased depersonalization on the MBI after Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
- →DrowsinessCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Deep relaxation and lower arousal during practice, particularly during lying-down body scans, can make people sleepy or cause them to doze off.
- →Mental FatigueCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In focus groups, 32 people with Anxiety Disorder (General), Depression, or Stroke reported mental fatigue from the concentration required during mindfulness practice.
Don't do it if
When to skip it or get medical advice first3 listedHighest probability
- →PerimenopauseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2024 cross-sectional study of 199 people associated MBSR with indirect increases in psychological and somatic-vegetative menopausal symptoms (β=0.108, p=0.003; β=0.029, p=0.033), including in BRCA1/2 carriers and breast cancer survivors. This association does not establish that MBSR caused symptoms to worsen.
- →PsychosisCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Mindfulness meditation may worsen active psychosis or a history of psychotic episodes; increased introspection and possible derealization are cited as reasons for concern.
- →Traumatic Brain InjuryCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
In the acute phase after a traumatic brain injury, mindfulness meditation may overwhelm fragile cognitive resources and impair recovery.
Who the trials left out
Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm. Ask a clinician first.32 listed- Drug Addictionleft out by 9 trials
- Pregnancyleft out by 9 trials
- Depressionleft out by 7 trials
- Mild Cognitive Impairmentleft out by 6 trials
- Bipolar Disorderleft out by 5 trials
- Anxiety Disorder (General)left out by 3 trials
PubMed links (3)
- Phobiasleft out by 3 trials
PubMed links (3)
- Schizophrenialeft out by 3 trials
PubMed links (3)
- Addiction (General)left out by 2 trials
PubMed links (2)
- Cancer (General)left out by 2 trials
PubMed links (2)
Left out by one trial each (21)
- Alcohol Addictionleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Anemia (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Atrial Fibrillationleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Breastfeedingleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Cerebral Palsyleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Coronary Artery Diseaseleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Cushing's Syndromeleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Dementialeft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Eating Disorder (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Epilepsyleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Heart Disease (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Hyperthyroidismleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Hypothyroidismleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Insomnialeft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Liver Failureleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Lupus (SLE)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Major Depressive Disorderleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Otitis Media (Ear Infection)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritisleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
PubMed links (1)
Also listed for meditation in general (written by our reviewers)
Precautions from the Meditation page. They are for meditation as a whole and may not all fit mindfulness meditation.
When you stop
Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing12 listedHighest probability
- →Trauma Symptom ReductionCertaintyHighSourceClinicalloss of benefit3 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found that depression-related effects persisted at follow-up, but PTSD symptoms did not improve. Another review reported lower posttraumatic stress immediately after the intervention, but the difference was no longer significant at the 5- to 9.5-week follow-up.
Medium probability(2)
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceClinicalloss of benefit4 cited studies
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found no significant difference in anxiety 4 to 9 weeks after the intervention. Separate pooled analyses whose designs were not recorded also found no difference after 3 months in people with breast cancer.
- →Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceClinicalloss of benefit4 cited studies
In a randomized trial, positive effects were partly maintained at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.58), while the control group changed little. Another trial found that changes in post-traumatic growth and emotional avoidance did not persist beyond the first follow-up.
Low probability(9)
- →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit4 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded reported that 6 of the 10 articles found no statistically significant advantage over the control group at follow-up, and that the treatment effect decreased over time. Another pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found that the effect did not persist at short-term follow-up.
- →Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit4 cited studies
Pooled analyses whose designs were not recorded found no difference in perceived stress among people with breast cancer after 3–6 months, or in any dimension of burnout at long-term follow-up.
- →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a randomized trial of 160 people, the reduction in insomnia scores did not differ between groups across the measured time points; the reported effect was trivial.
- →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found no significant difference in fatigue between the intervention and control groups. In one randomized trial of 80 people, fatigue in the intervention group peaked at the fourth week and returned close to baseline by 3 months, while fatigue scores remained elevated in the control group.
- →Improve Heart Rate Variability (HRV)CertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
In a randomized trial of 127 people, RMSSD increased from T0 to T1, then decreased from T1 to T2; at T2 it remained higher in the intervention group than in the control group.
- →Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit2 cited studies
A pooled analysis whose designs were not recorded found a trivial task-performance effect at 5-24 weeks post-intervention. A separate review found an immediate improvement in the metacognition index, but it was no longer significant at 6-months follow-up.
- →Antipsychotic Adjunct EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
A review reported that AHs decreased 1-wk after, returning to baseline after >12-wks.
- →Reaction Speed IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinicalloss of benefit1 cited study
A review found improved reaction time on a vigilance test, but the improvement was not maintained at the 2-month follow-up.
- →Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyLowSourceReviewloss of benefit1 cited study
A narrative review found a positive effect on pain intensity after treatment, but the effect was no longer significant during follow-up.
Interactions
Okay to combine with
Highest probability of useful synergy
- →PracticesMeditationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Adding a body scan or loving-kindness meditation to mindfulness may enhance emotional regulation and self-compassion compared with mindfulness alone.
- →PracticesProgressive Muscle RelaxationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Paired with mindfulness meditation, Progressive Muscle Relaxation may improve somatic awareness and reduce physiological arousal more than either practice alone.
- →SupplementsCaffeineCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeAdditive
Low-dose Caffeine before mindfulness meditation may enhance alertness and focus without increasing anxiety, potentially supporting adherence and depth of practice.
- →PracticesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)CertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
In mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness is paired with cognitive-behavioral techniques to help people notice and disengage from depressive thought patterns; this combination has evidence for preventing relapse in recurrent depression.
- →PracticesBreathworkCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Conscious breathing can stabilize attention and regulate the nervous system, providing an anchor for mindfulness and potentially amplifying its calming effects.
- →PracticesYogaCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Yoga pairs physical postures with breath awareness, which may deepen the mind-body connection cultivated in mindfulness meditation and enhance stress reduction.
- →PracticesForest Bathing (Shinrin-yoku)CertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
An immersive nature experience may reduce rumination and sensory overload, creating a supportive setting for mindfulness and potentially strengthening its restorative benefits.
Medium probability(2)(0)(2)
- →PracticesGratitude JournalCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Gratitude journaling directs attention toward positive experiences, reinforcing the non-judgmental awareness and positive affect cultivated by mindfulness.
- →PracticesCardioCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalAdditive
Aerobic exercise and mindfulness may affect mood and stress through partly different pathways; small trials of combined programs report additive benefits for depressive symptoms.
Weakens or is weakened by
Highest probability
- →SupplementsEthanol (Alcohol)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeDepleting
Alcohol can impair interoceptive awareness and executive control, working against core processes involved in Mindfulness Meditation.
- →SupplementsCaffeineCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Caffeine can increase arousal and counter the calm, focused state sought in Mindfulness Meditation, especially when consumed shortly before practice.
- →PracticesPsychotherapyCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeRatio-dependent
Mindfulness Meditation may temporarily increase emotional distress when started alongside trauma-focused psychotherapy without proper stabilization.
- →PracticesHigh-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)CertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalCompetitive
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) immediately before Mindfulness Meditation can elevate sympathetic nervous system activity and heart rate, making a relaxed, attentive state harder to achieve.
How it works
The mechanisms this practice works through25 listed · 1 establishedEstablished mechanisms
- Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF)Self-compassionestablished
Group-blended eMBCT increased self-compassion versus CAU at follow-up, and in mediation analyses improvement in self-compassion mediated reductions in psychological distress.
Proposed mechanisms
- emotional regulationpsychologicalproposed
Mindfulness enhances self-awareness and emotional regulation, leading to improved psychological outcomes.
- Acceptance and observation skillsMindfulness-based attention and acceptanceproposed
The authors propose that mindfulness meditation enhances acceptance and observation skills, enabling working women to pause and observe negative thoughts and feelings without being overwhelmed, thereby reducing stress and anger and improving well-being.
- Decentering and acceptanceEmotional regulationproposed
MBSR encourages acknowledging challenging body-mind relationships without judgement and avoidance, developing strategies to regulate emotional and behavioural responses to stressors; higher decentering after MBSR is associated with lower depressive symptoms.
- Decentering from negative thought patternsCognitive-emotional processing (Mindful Coping Model)proposed
Proposed mechanism: present-moment nonjudgmental awareness enables caregivers to disengage from negative thoughts through decentering, viewing them as temporary mental events and fostering positive stress appraisals. Not directly measured in this study.
- Emotional reactivity to workplace stressPsychological — cognitive mode shift ('Doing Mode of Mind' to 'Being Mode of Mind')proposed
Mindfulness shifts thinking from a 'Doing Mode Of Mind' to a 'Being Mode Of Mind,' enabling practitioners to objectively perceive and accept their current experience rather than acting to change an uncomfortable environment, thereby eliminating the connection between themselves and negative emotions and reducing burnout.
- Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulation and redox sensitivityHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis / glucocorticoid receptor signalingproposed
The authors hypothesize that MBSR may interfere with redox sensitivity associated with estradiol fluctuations in BRCA1/2 carriers, possibly implicating HPA axis insult and GR dysregulation secondary to baseline stress propensity of BRCA1/2 mutations, exacerbated by MBSR-induced methylation.
- Loneliness-related negative cognitive biases and social threat vigilanceCognitive-emotional regulationproposed
MBSR may reduce negative cognitive biases of loneliness by fostering acceptance of distressing emotions and reducing social reactivity; nonjudgmental awareness may help reframe social interactions as more positive, disrupting the negative cognitive cycle underlying loneliness.
- Loneliness-related negative social cognition and ruminationMonitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)proposed
Mindfulness may enhance awareness and acceptance of emotional experiences during negative social interactions, detaching from cognition and reducing reactivity to negative social circumstances, thereby managing affective and cognitive components of loneliness.
- Microstate classes A, B, and DResting-state EEG microstate dynamicsproposed
MBCT increased coverage and individual explained variance of microstate A (theta band), decreased duration and coverage of microstate B (theta and full spectrum), and increased individual explained variance of microstate D (alpha band), suggesting reshaping of large-scale brain network dynamics.
- Negative self-evaluation, rumination, avoidance, and emotional regulationCognitive-emotional regulationproposed
The authors propose MBI and CBT both target cognitive and emotional processes involved in social anxiety (negative self-evaluation, rumination, avoidance, emotional regulation) and both involve in vivo or imaginal exposure to feared social situations; MBI may additionally improve self-esteem, mindfulness skills, stress reduction, and quality of life.
- Occipital and right temporal cortical oscillations; centro-parietal and antero-frontal theta/alphaOscillatory EEG power modulation (alpha, theta, beta, gamma)proposed
VAMDB reduced occipital absolute powers in alpha, beta and gamma bands (with increased delta and theta at baseline), indicating a less cognitively active, more relaxed state; higher baseline theta relative power predicted greater depression improvement with MBCT.
- PTSD symptom reductionProcedural/neurocognitive classification of meditationproposed
The paper characterizes mindfulness-based techniques as focused attention (FA) or open monitoring (OM) procedures, distinct from TM's automatic self-transcending (AST); this procedural difference is proposed as a possible basis for TM's larger effect, but no physiological mediators were directly measured in this meta-analysis.
- Pain perception (VAS) and analgesic requirementCentral pain modulationproposed
Reduced VAS pain scores and fewer supplementary analgesic requests; the authors attribute possible effects to activation of cortical regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex and right anterior insula that regulate pain perception and emotional response.
- Posterior insula (pINS) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC)Neural activation - sensory processing (expert level)proposed
Advanced training or higher trait mindfulness is associated with increased activation in sensory processing areas (pINS) and reduced activation in cognitive-affective areas (lPFC), indicating dissociation of sensory from cognitive-affective processing.
- Psychological state and emotion regulationBrain stress management via mindfulness meditationproposed
The authors state MBSR can actively influence the brain's stress management through mindfulness meditation and help individuals regulate their psychological state, manage emotions, awaken inner focus, and supplement routine care to alleviate negative emotions.
- Right middle cingulate cortex, left hippocampus, bilateral precuneusResting-state brain activity and connectivity within the MCC-centred emotional regulation networkproposed
MBSR was associated with reduced ALFF, fALFF and ReHo in the right MCC and decreased MCC connectivity with the left hippocampus and bilateral precuneus; changes in MCC-hippocampus and MCC-precuneus connectivity correlated negatively with depression improvement.
- Sleep quality (Athens Insomnia Scale)Sleep regulationproposed
Sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness practice and positive mental health improvements (indirect effect = 0.16, 95% CI [0.09, 0.23], p < 0.01) and remained a significant mediator (β = 0.12, 95% CI [0.06, 0.18]) when emotional regulation and attention control pathways were included.
- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, Default Mode Network, Executive Control NetworkNeurobiological changesproposed
MBSR has been shown to increase ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activity (associated with reduced anxiety) and increase resting state functional connectivity of the Default Mode Network and Executive Control Network, and decrease activation of fear and stress responses in PTSD patients.
- emotion-regulation brain networks (activation and connectivity)emotion regulation and present-moment awarenessproposed
The authors discuss mechanisms cited from prior literature — MBSR may enhance activation in and connectivity between brain regions critical for emotion regulation, with self-compassion and mindfulness proposed as mediators of stress reduction; these mechanisms were hypothesized from cited studies, not directly tested in this meta-analysis.
- emotional suppressionemotion regulationproposed
Online MBSR reduced emotional suppression (CECS, η²p = 0.292, P < 0.001); reductions in emotional suppression mediated improvements in depression (indirect effect −1.106, 95% CI [−1.683, −0.600]) and anxiety (indirect effect −1.182, 95% CI [−1.731, −0.706]) symptoms, accounting for 54.4% and 91.0% of total effects respectively
- fronto-striatal, salience, and default mode networkscortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitsproposed
Lower baseline connectivity in FSN, SN, and DMN (left cuneus, left dmPFC, right pallidum, right thalamus) predicted greater Y-BOCS reduction, suggesting MBCT response is linked to these networks; no post-treatment connectivity changes were detected.
- processing speed and executive function networksfrontal lobe engagementproposed
m-MBSR is hypothesized to engage frontal lobe regions (pre-frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex), improving cognitive functions dependent on these networks; the study observed greater (though non-significant) improvement in frontal lobe-dependent cognitive domains
- sense of coherence and negative affectpsychological coping and emotional regulationproposed
MBSR techniques such as meditation and yoga are proposed to enhance concentration and coping skills, redirecting patients toward a healthier self-awareness and self-relationship, reflected in higher Sense of Coherence and reduced negative emotions.
- sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activationautonomic nervous system regulationproposed
12-week online mindfulness meditation marginally reduced pupillary dilation velocity (VD), an index of SNS activation, and reduced state anxiety; authors propose MBIs temper amygdala reactivity and improve prefrontal cortex inhibition of amygdala responses.
Variations
5 documentedTypical protocol
232 protocolsEstimatedAcross every study of this practice, whatever the variation.
90 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Rounds
- 8
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
Courses and single sessions · 210 repeated-course and 13 single-session protocols
87% of the corpus contributed
Standard MBSR
Beginner9/10supervision recommended120–150 min · Weekly
Standard MBSR
Beginner9/10supervision recommended120–150 min · Weekly120–150 min · Weekly
From studies- How often
- Weekly
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Extensive
Standard MBSR combines body scans, sitting meditation, and gentle mindful movement to train attention through a structured group program and home practice. It is described as suitable for beginners and for people seeking a structured approach to stress and chronic conditions.
No equipment needed.
As studied
36 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
120–180 min
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Rounds
- 8
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Derived from3568352036332952367678773725208237408978+31 more in Sources
How it's done5 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Find a quiet, comfortable place to sit or lie down.
- Close your eyes and bring your attention to the natural rhythm of your breath without trying to change it.
- Perform a body scan by slowly moving your attention from the top of your head down to your toes, noticing any sensations without judgment.
- When the mind wanders, gently acknowledge the thought or feeling and guide your attention back to the breath or body.
- Practice for the prescribed duration, allowing thoughts to come and go like clouds in the sky.
Cues
- · Notice the rise and fall of your belly.
- · Observe without judging.
- · Be kind to your wandering mind.
Common mistakes
- Trying to stop thinking completely.
- Getting frustrated when the mind wanders.
- Forcing the breath into an unnatural rhythm.
Studied protocols19 on file
- 120 min· 6×/week· 12 weeks· n=80· A repeated coursePMID 37252082
- 150 min· 6×/week· 8 weeks· n=191· A repeated coursePMID 37408978
- 120 min· 1×/week· 12 weeks· n=220· A repeated coursePMID 40510459
- 180 min· 2×/week· 4 weeks· n=59· A repeated coursePMID 40994634
- 120 min· 1×/week· 8 weeks· n=78· A repeated coursePMID 35683520
- 120 min· 1×/week· 8 weeks· A repeated coursePMID 36332952
Online Group Mindfulness
Beginner8/10supervision recommended60–135 min · Weekly
Online Group Mindfulness
Beginner8/10supervision recommended60–135 min · Weekly60–135 min · Weekly
From studies- How often*
- Weekly
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Extensive
Online group mindfulness combines facilitator-led meditation with group discussion and review of home practice. It offers real-time guidance and group interaction in a remote format, while participation in sharing is optional.
Equipment: Computer or tablet, Webcam, Stable internet connection
As studied
48 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
40–150 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Rounds
- 8
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Derived from3458532935134930352192223618635936661746+43 more in Sources
How it's done5 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Join the scheduled videoconference from a quiet, private room where you won't be disturbed.
- Participate in the facilitator-led meditation, following the verbal instructions for breath, body, or sound awareness.
- Engage in mindful group dialogue, listening deeply to others and sharing your own experience if you feel comfortable.
- Review your home practice from the previous week, noting any obstacles or insights without self-criticism.
- If you feel overwhelmed or need a break, it is okay to turn off your camera, step away from the screen, and rest.
Cues
- · Listen to others with full presence.
- · Speak from your direct experience.
- · Treat the online space as a virtual meditation hall.
Common mistakes
- Checking emails or multitasking during the session.
- Comparing your meditation experience to others in the group.
- Feeling pressured to share personal details.
Studied protocols27 on file
- 120 min· 2×/week· 8 weeks· n=30· A repeated coursePMID 37297782
- 90 min· 1×/week· 8 weeks· n=158· A repeated coursePMID 40933043
- 60 min· 2×/week· 8 weeks· n=53· A repeated coursePMID 41286556
- 150 min· 6×/week· 8 weeks· n=24· A repeated coursePMID 34585329
- 135 min· 1×/week· 12 weeks· n=164· A repeated coursePMID 37931304
- 45 min· 7×/week· 8 weeks· n=78· A repeated coursePMID 39300440
App-Guided Mindfulness
Beginner8/1010–20 min · Daily
App-Guided Mindfulness
Beginner8/1010–20 min · Daily10–20 min · Daily
From studies- How often*
- Daily
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Moderate
App-guided mindfulness uses short, themed sessions for self-paced practice, with remote guidance from a trained coach. Its flexible, private format is described as suited to beginners and people with busy schedules.
Equipment: Smartphone, Headphones
As studied
17 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
7.5–24 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 6 weeks
- Per week
- 100 min
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Self-guided
- Supervision
- Self-guided
A repeated course
Derived from3853866338830986389885623954857040257119+12 more in Sources
How it's done5 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Download a mindfulness meditation app and select a beginner-friendly program.
- Find a comfortable seated position in a quiet space and put on your headphones.
- Start the day's guided session and follow the instructor's voice.
- Focus your attention on the object of meditation, such as the breath or body sensations, as directed.
- If you feel dizzy, sick, or unwell at any point, pause the session and rest.
Cues
- · Let the guidance be an anchor.
- · Don't worry about doing it perfectly.
- · Use a consistent time and place to build a habit.
Common mistakes
- Multitasking during the meditation.
- Constantly switching between different apps or programs.
- Judging the session as 'good' or 'bad'.
Studied protocols19 on file
- 15 min· 3×/week· 8 weeks· n=53· A repeated coursePMID 38830986
- 15 min· 7×/week· 8 weeks· n=92· A repeated coursePMID 40428049
- 20 min· 5×/week· 4 weeks· n=76· A repeated coursePMID 40498669
- 15 min· 3×/week· 6 weeks· n=27· A repeated coursePMID 42023466
- 10 min· 6×/week· 6 weeks· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 42583252
- 15 min· 7×/week· 4 weeks· n=66· A repeated coursePMID 38538663
Mindful Slow Breathing
Beginner7/1015–20 min · Every other day
Mindful Slow Breathing
Beginner7/1015–20 min · Every other day15–20 min · Every other day
From studies- How often*
- Every other day
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Moderate
Mindful slow breathing pairs present-moment attention with deliberately slowed breathing, often using counting as a focus. The approach is described as an option for acute stress reduction or for people who want a concrete attentional anchor.
No equipment needed.
As studied
7 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
15–20 min · 4×/week
- Course
- 6 weeks
- Per week
- 93 min
- Supervision
- Self-guided
A repeated course
Derived from3759988440114156405234054065684140768766+2 more in Sources
How it's done5 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Sit comfortably with your spine upright and close your eyes.
- Bring your full attention to the natural flow of your breath for one minute.
- Begin to gently slow your breathing, inhaling for a count of 5 and exhaling for a count of 5.
- Maintain this slow, rhythmic pattern, using the counting as a focal point for your attention.
- If you feel lightheaded, dizzy, or short of breath, immediately release the breath control and return to natural breathing.
Cues
- · Breathe silently and softly.
- · Let the exhale be a release of tension.
- · Count without strain.
Common mistakes
- Taking overly deep breaths that cause hyperventilation.
- Holding the breath at the top or bottom of the inhale/exhale.
- Creating tension in the neck or shoulders while trying to control the breath.
Studied protocols12 on file
- 20 min· 14×/week· 1 week· n=89· A repeated coursePMID 41358607
- 20 min· 2×/week· 8 weeks· n=80· A repeated coursePMID 41931358
- 20 min· 14×/week· 8 weeks· n=34· A repeated coursePMID 40114156
- 15 min· 7×/week· 6 weeks· n=42· A repeated coursePMID 40523405
- 20 min· 1×/week· 5 weeks· n=40· A repeated coursePMID 40656841
- 20 min· 4×/week· 4 weeks· n=18· A repeated coursePMID 40768766
Neurofeedback-Enhanced Mindfulness
Intermediate6/1010–15 min · Daily
Neurofeedback-Enhanced Mindfulness
Intermediate6/1010–15 min · Daily10–15 min · Daily
Editorial- How often
- Daily
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
Neurofeedback-enhanced mindfulness pairs breath-focused meditation with real-time auditory or visual brainwave feedback, which participants use as a guide to their internal state. It is described as an advanced option for experienced meditators or those seeking a data-driven approach.
Equipment: EEG headband, Neurofeedback app
As studied
3 protocolsMeasuredThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
13 min
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Self-guided
Courses and single sessions · 1 repeated-course and 2 single-session protocols
How it's done5 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Fit the EEG headband according to the manufacturer's instructions and pair it with the app.
- Sit in a quiet space and start a neurofeedback meditation session.
- Focus your attention on your breath, just as in standard mindfulness practice.
- Observe the real-time feedback signal (e.g., a soundscape that changes volume) and learn to correlate it with your internal state of calm, focused attention.
- Use the feedback as a guide, not a goal; the aim is to gently sustain the mental state that produces the calming feedback.
Cues
- · Let the sound be a mirror for your mind.
- · Gently incline the mind toward stillness.
- · Avoid gripping or forcing the desired state.
Common mistakes
- Fixing your gaze or attention rigidly on the feedback display.
- Becoming frustrated or trying to 'win' against the algorithm.
- Ignoring the foundational practice of non-judgmental awareness in pursuit of a signal.
Studied protocols5 on file
- 13 min· 7×/week· 8 weeks· n=10· A repeated coursePMID 41341422
- 20 weeks· n=98· A repeated coursePMID 34407032
- 7 min· n=60· Single sessionsPMID 39276281
- 10 min· n=117· Single sessionsPMID 41003259
- n=419· Single sessionsPMID 40800428
How to start
Community experience
Based on 346 public posts from Reddit, YouTube, Hacker News, Bluesky, and Phoenix Rising.
What people report it did
27 outcomes mentioned across 346 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.
Reported benefits18
- Anxiety Reduction127 mentions
- Mood Improvement89 mentions
- Emotional Regulation Improvement54 mentions
- Present Moment Awareness50 mentions
- Concentration Improvement33 mentions
- Stress Resilience Improvement23 mentions
- Cognitive Function Improvement19 mentions
- Sleep Quality Improvement15 mentions
- Self-Awareness Increase13 mentions
- Rumination Reduction13 mentions
- Interoception Improvement11 mentions
- Antidepressant Effect10 mentions
- Discipline Improvement10 mentionsnot studied
- Brain Fog Reduction7 mentions
- Chronic Pain Reduction7 mentions
- Self-Compassion Improvement6 mentions
- Sleep Onset Improvement5 mentions
- Biorhythm Regulation5 mentionsnot studied
Reported side effects9
- Anxiety Increase11 mentions
- Concentration Difficultynot studied
- Derealizationnot studied
- Insomnianot studied
- Irritabilitynot studied
- Mood Swingsnot studied
- Panic Attacknot studied
- Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)not studied
- Rebound Depressionnot studied
What people report doing
Counted from public posts and videos, not from a survey. Each figure counts the posts that mentioned it — most reports say nothing about schedule.
How long they've practisedas written
References
309 screened · 262 analysed · 264 listed below
Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.
- Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Fear of Childbirth Among Pregnant Women Planned for Normal Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Worldviews Evid Based Nurs2026Meta-analysisAn=1278
- Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on perceived stress among non-clinical adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Npj Ment Health Res2026Meta-analysisAn=1641
- Efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus usual care in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Oncol2026Meta-analysisAn=2534
- Five Practical Video Modules to Reduce Physician Burnout Through Mindfulness and Systematic Review of Evidence.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open2025Meta-analysisAn=3047
- Mind over Malignancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Distress, Coping, and Therapeutic Interventions in Oncology.Medicina (Kaunas)2025Meta-analysisAn=6870
- Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on obesogenic eating behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obes Rev2025Meta-analysisAn=2431
- A meta-analysis of the effects of mindfulness meditation training on self-reported interoception.Sci Rep2025Meta-analysisAn=2191
- A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy Intervention on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.Cureus2025Meta-analysisAn=832
- Mindfulness-Based Programmes for Work Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.Stress Health2025Meta-analysisAn=16054
- Effects of Mindfulness Therapy on Breast Cancer Patients with Depression or Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Actas Esp Psiquiatr2025Meta-analysisAn=1823