Yin Yoga
Yin Yoga is a form of yoga studied mainly in relation to emotional well-being, stress, and sleep. The findings suggest possible benefits in these areas, but they do not establish broad or reliable effects.
Yin Yoga is a yoga practice studied for its connections with emotional wellbeing, sleep, and stress.
Part of Yoga
Overview
Yin Yoga is a form of yoga studied mainly in relation to emotional well-being, stress, and sleep. The findings suggest possible benefits in these areas, but they do not establish broad or reliable effects. Clinical research has examined the practice, while evidence for other proposed uses is more theoretical. The evidence is not equally developed across outcomes, so a general claim that Yin Yoga improves health would go beyond what has been shown. Overall, the picture is still developing, and Yin Yoga should not be treated as an established approach for health conditions.
Some research: 7 studies. Last checked Oct 8, 2026.
- 6
- human evidence
- 2
- eligible
- 12
- unclassified
- 1
- animal / null result
Best-evidenced uses
- Anxiety ReductionMedium · Clinical
- Stress Resilience ImprovementLow · Clinical
- Sleep Quality ImprovementLow · Clinical
- 7
- Studies
Evidence checked Oct 8, 2026 · newest study 2026
- C
- 7
117 community reports across 3 platforms
Coverage
- Effects
- 14
- Helps with
- 7
- Side effects
- 1
- Interactions
- 9
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.
What does research say?
What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.
14 claims:1 some evidence5 not enough evidence2 not tested in people5 personal stories only1 no benefit found
Anxiety ReductionYoga in general: Medium · 52 trialsSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial. Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 5.
In a randomized trial of 120 people, anxiety scores fell from 48.25 at baseline to 10.81 at T2 in the intervention group, while the control group’s scores changed from 46.91 to 46.36. A separate trial found greater pre-to-post anxiety reductions in both the Yin yoga group and the YOMI group than in controls.
Open the Anxiety Reduction pageCompare with Yoga in general →Stress Resilience ImprovementYoga in general: Medium · 35 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 4 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 120 people, perceived stress scores fell from 46.10 at baseline to 11.00 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 44.90 to 43.61 in controls. Another trial reported reduced stress and worry with the YOMI program using a self-reported stress measure.
Open the Stress Resilience Improvement pageCompare with Yoga in general →Sleep Quality ImprovementYoga in general: Medium · 18 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 105 people, insomnia severity scores fell more in both the Yin Yoga and combined yoga-and-mindfulness groups than in the control group; the reduction was larger in the combined program.
Open the Sleep Quality Improvement pageCompare with Yoga in general →Mood ImprovementYoga in general: Medium · 23 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 120 people, psychological well-being scores rose from 23.38 at baseline to 49.66 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 24.15 to 25.75 in controls; higher scores indicate more psychological resources.
Open the Mood Improvement pageCompare with Yoga in general →Antidepressant EffectYoga in general: Medium · 52 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
All 2 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 120 people, scores on a depression symptom scale fell from 93.30 at baseline to 45.30 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 91.51 to 87.35 in controls. Lower scores indicate fewer depressive symptoms.
Open the Antidepressant Effect pageCompare with Yoga in general →Present Moment AwarenessYoga in general: Medium · 6 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit. Strongest study: a small pilot study.
A 20-person pilot found decreases in anxiety and stress scores and an increase in mindfulness at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months; all changes reached statistical significance.
Open the Present Moment Awareness pageCompare with Yoga in general →Parasympathetic ActivationNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Mindful breathing alongside Yin Yoga is proposed to shift autonomic balance toward parasympathetic activity; this is a theoretical explanation, not a demonstrated clinical finding.
Open the Parasympathetic Activation pageJoint Health ImprovementYoga in general: 1 trialNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Yin Yoga may support joint health by applying gentle, sustained traction to connective tissues, which could help distribute synovial fluid and maintain range of motion in sedentary people.
Open the Joint Health Improvement pageCompare with Yoga in general →
Only reported by users, not studied: Concentration Improvement and Self-Awareness Increase.
What to expect
For Yin Yoga, reported benefits were measured at the end of programmes, rather than after a single session. Trials that found them ran for at least 4 weeks, with the typical programme lasting 5 weeks. These findings describe changes measured over that period, not an immediate response.
Also studied in people with 7 health conditions
How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.
DepressionYoga in general: Medium · 23 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
1 of 2 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
A 2026 randomized trial included 120 people selected for high depression, anxiety, and stress screening scores, but participants were not given clinical diagnoses. A 2018 randomized trial found that Yin yoga alone did not significantly reduce HADS depression scores versus control; only the combined YOMI program did.
Open the Depression pageCompare with Yoga in general →InsomniaYoga in general: Low · 3 trialsNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
In a 2018 randomized trial with 105 participants, Yin Yoga and a combined program both reduced Insomnia Severity Index scores more than the control group.
Open the Insomnia pageCompare with Yoga in general →Back PainYoga in general: Medium · 4 trialsNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Gentle yoga is recommended for chronic low back pain, and Yin Yoga’s supported, low-load holds may be a tolerable option. Trials specifically testing Yin Yoga for back pain are lacking.
Open the Back Pain pageCompare with Yoga in general →Chronic Fatigue SyndromeYoga in general: 1 trialNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Yin Yoga may offer gentle movement for people with ME/CFS and support autonomic regulation without triggering post-exertional malaise when carefully dosed.
Open the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome pageCompare with Yoga in general →Chronic PainYoga in general: Medium · 5 trialsNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Yin Yoga’s gentle, sustained stretching and mindfulness may help manage chronic pain by reducing central sensitization and improving fascial mobility, though robust evidence is lacking.
Open the Chronic Pain pageCompare with Yoga in general →FibromyalgiaYoga in general: 1 trialNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Yin Yoga may improve pain tolerance and sleep quality for people with fibromyalgia; its low-impact, nervous-system-regulating nature is the proposed rationale.
Open the Fibromyalgia pageCompare with Yoga in general →PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)Yoga in general: Medium · 4 trialsNot tested in people
Only tested in animals, cells or theory. Results like these often do not carry over to people.
The one study found a benefit.
Slow, interoceptive yoga may help reduce PTSD symptoms as an adjunct, but the evidence described is for trauma-sensitive yoga broadly, not Yin Yoga specifically.
Open the PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) pageCompare with Yoga in general →
Studied only as yoga in general, not tested in yin yoga yet
These results come from studies of yoga as a whole. No study of yin yoga has looked at them yet.
Fatigue Reduction (Medium · 21 trials) · Blood Pressure Support (Medium · 21 trials) · Analgesic Effect (Medium · 19 trials) · Anxiety Disorder (General) (Medium · 17 trials) · Physical Function (Medium · 13 trials) · Cholesterol Level Reduction (Medium · 13 trials) · and 34 more
Before you try it
What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.
- Side effects
With weak evidence: Muscle Strain.
- May not suit you if you have
- Herniated Disc, Osteoporosis, and Acute Injury
- Reported by users
- Joint Pain (Arthralgia) and Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)
- Also listed for yoga in general (written by our reviewers)
- Heart Arrhythmia · Recent Stroke · Retinal DetachmentPrecautions from the Yoga page. They are for yoga as a whole and may not all fit yin yoga.
General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.
How people do it
A gentle start, then what the studies used.
- Start with
- 60 minutes, weekly (Standard Restorative Yin)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
- Build up to
- 60 minutes, 2 times a week, low intensity (what the studies used)
- What the studies ran
- 120 minutes a week for 6 weeks
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
Effects
14 listedStart here
Most likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyMediumSourceClinicallong-term5 cited studies · 2 other sources
In a randomized trial of 120 people, anxiety scores fell from 48.25 at baseline to 10.81 at T2 in the intervention group, while the control group’s scores changed from 46.91 to 46.36. A separate trial found greater pre-to-post anxiety reductions in both the Yin yoga group and the YOMI group than in controls.
What the sources found
7 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 54/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Anxiety Disorder
- Depression
Where the evidence comes from
- Article5
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
What worked in trials4 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical Session 50 min 85 min How often 1×/week 1.5×/week Timing
Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 5
Open Anxiety ReductionShow studies (7)
RCTCpositiven=12055% confidence2026Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): intervention 48.25 at baseline to 22.96 at T1 and 10.81 at T2 vs control 46.91 to 45.90 and 46.36; group × time ηp² = 0.734. Lower scores indicate less anxiety.
Top journalMain outcomeBlinded assessorInactive controlRCTCpositiven=10565% confidence2018Significantly greater pre-post reductions in anxiety levels were found in both the YOMI group (β = -0.46, p < .001) and the Yin yoga group (β = -0.29, p = .002) compared to controls.
Weak journal32% dropped outRCTCpositiven=4872% confidence2024The effect of yin yoga intervention on state and trait anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
STAI Y-1 significantly decreased in the intervention group (mean = 45.60 and SE = 2.49 vs mean = 32.60 and SE = 2.49; P = 0.0035); STAI Y-1 of the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group at the end of the study (P = 0.0009); control group unchanged (P = 0.97).
Weak journalMain outcomeRCTCpositive55% confidence2017significant effects of the YOMI program on decreasing stress and worry. The instrument is not named in the abstract; the outcome is a self-reported worry measure.
Main outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlPilot studyCpositiven=2030% confidence2021Impact of a Yin Yoga and meditation intervention on pharmacy faculty and student well-being.
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores decreased, reaching statistical significance at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months.
Main outcomeOpen-labelNo control group+1 more in SourcesExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceYin Yoga may reduce anxiety symptoms in adults with mild to moderate anxiety disorders, particularly when practiced regularly over 8–12 weeks.
Expert knowledge synthesis
Low probability(12)
- →Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies · 2 other sources
In a randomized trial of 120 people, perceived stress scores fell from 46.10 at baseline to 11.00 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 44.90 to 43.61 in controls. Another trial reported reduced stress and worry with the YOMI program using a self-reported stress measure.
What the sources found
5 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 47/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Rating adjusted
Lowered from Medium to Low after checking study quality: journal, risk of bias, trial size and design.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Anxiety Disorder
- Depression
Where the evidence comes from
- Article3
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
What worked in trials2 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical How often 1×/week 1.5×/week Timing
Trials that found it ran as little as 4 weeks, typically 5
Open Stress Resilience ImprovementShow studies (5)
RCTCpositiven=12055% confidence2026Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): intervention 46.10 at baseline to 16.10 at T1 and 11.00 at T2 vs control 44.90 to 36.55 and 43.61; group × time ηp² = 0.753. Lower scores indicate less perceived stress.
Top journalMain outcomeBlinded assessorInactive controlRCTCpositive55% confidence2017The results of the study indicated significant effects of the YOMI program on decreasing stress and worry, and increasing mindfulness. The instrument is not named in the abstract; the outcome is a self-reported stress measure.
Main outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlPilot studyCpositiven=2030% confidence2021Impact of a Yin Yoga and meditation intervention on pharmacy faculty and student well-being.
Anxiety and stress scores decreased, and mindfulness increased at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, with all changes reaching statistical significance.
Main outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceRegular practice of Yin Yoga may enhance parasympathetic activation and improve physiological and psychological resilience to chronic stress.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 13 of 98 community reports discussing it (YouTube 8, Reddit 5).
13 mentions - →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 2 other sources
In a randomized trial of 105 people, insomnia severity scores fell more in both the Yin Yoga and combined yoga-and-mindfulness groups than in the control group; the reduction was larger in the combined program.
What the sources found
3 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
2×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Sleep Quality ImprovementShow studies (3)
RCTCpositiven=10565% confidence2018We observed significantly greater pre-post reductions in the ISI in both intervention groups compared to controls, with a larger reduction in the YOMI group (β = -0.47, p < .001) than in the Yin yoga group (β = -0.29, p = .003).
Weak journal32% dropped outExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceYin Yoga may improve subjective sleep quality in individuals with sleep disturbances.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive35% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 4 of 71 Reddit reports discussing it.
4 mentions - →Mood ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 2 other sources
In a randomized trial of 120 people, psychological well-being scores rose from 23.38 at baseline to 49.66 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 24.15 to 25.75 in controls; higher scores indicate more psychological resources.
What the sources found
3 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 47/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Anxiety Disorder
- Depression
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Open Mood ImprovementShow studies (3)
RCTCpositiven=12050% confidence2026Psychological Well-Being Scale: intervention 23.38 at baseline to 40.35 at T1 and 49.66 at T2 vs control 24.15 to 30.56 and 25.75; group × time ηp² = 0.668. Higher scores indicate more psychological resources.
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlExpert opinionpositive40% confidenceRegular yin yoga practice may improve general mood and wellbeing in non-clinical adults, based on small trials.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 29 of 117 community reports discussing it (Reddit 18, YouTube 8, Bluesky 3).
29 mentions - →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
In a randomized trial of 120 people, scores on a depression symptom scale fell from 93.30 at baseline to 45.30 at T2 in the intervention group, compared with 91.51 to 87.35 in controls. Lower scores indicate fewer depressive symptoms.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 53/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Anxiety Disorder
- Depression
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
50 min · 1.5×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Antidepressant EffectShow studies (2)
RCTCpositiven=12055% confidence2026Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS): intervention 93.30 at baseline to 63.68 at T1 and 45.30 at T2 vs control 91.51 to 82.70 and 87.35; group × time ηp² = 0.651. Lower scores indicate fewer depressive symptoms.
Top journalMain outcomeBlinded assessorInactive controlExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceYin yoga may reduce depressive symptoms in adults with mild to moderate depression, particularly when practiced regularly over 6–12 weeks as an adjunct to standard care.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Present Moment AwarenessCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
A 20-person pilot found decreases in anxiety and stress scores and an increase in mindfulness at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months; all changes reached statistical significance.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 40/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Open Present Moment AwarenessShow studies (2)
Pilot studyCpositiven=2030% confidence2021Impact of a Yin Yoga and meditation intervention on pharmacy faculty and student well-being.
Anxiety and stress scores decreased, and mindfulness increased at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, with all changes reaching statistical significance.
Main outcomeOpen-labelNo control groupCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 17 of 98 community reports discussing it (YouTube 9, Reddit 8).
17 mentions - →Flexibility ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotallong-termnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Expert knowledge describes Yin Yoga as improving passive flexibility in the pelvis and lower spine through prolonged static stretching of deep connective tissues. People mentioned this effect in community reports, which are personal reports rather than clinical findings.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Flexibility ImprovementShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceYin Yoga improves passive flexibility, pelvis, and lower spine, due to prolonged static stretching of deep connective tissues.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsstrong effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 13 of 117 community reports discussing it (Reddit 7, YouTube 4, Bluesky 2).
13 mentions - →Emotional Regulation ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Remaining present with uncomfortable sensations without reacting may support emotional regulation; the proposed rationale is that neural pathways involved in interoception overlap with those involved in emotional processing. People also mentioned this effect in community reports, which are personal accounts rather than clinical findings.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 43/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Emotional Regulation ImprovementShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive35% confidenceThe practice of remaining present with uncomfortable sensations without reacting may strengthen emotional regulation capacity, as the same neural pathways involved in interoception overlap with emotional processing.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 10 of 98 community reports discussing it (Reddit 6, YouTube 4).
10 mentions - →Interoception ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Holding poses while attending to physical sensations may help build awareness of internal bodily signals. Some people report this effect.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 35/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Interoception ImprovementShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive40% confidenceThe slow, introspective nature of yin yoga, with sustained attention on physical sensations during long holds, may enhance interoceptive awareness—the ability to perceive internal bodily signals.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive30% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 3 of 71 Reddit reports discussing it.
3 mentions - →Muscle RelaxationCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Supported, long-held postures and slow breathing may ease muscle tension and promote physical relaxation. Some people report this effect.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 33/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Muscle RelaxationShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive40% confidencePassive, supported long-held postures with slow breathing may reduce muscle tension and promote physical relaxation.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportssubtle effectpositive25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 71 Reddit reports discussing it.
2 mentions - →Chronic Pain ReductionCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
The proposed explanation is that gently stressing connective tissues while promoting relaxation may help reduce chronic pain. This effect was also mentioned in community reports, which reflect people’s accounts rather than clinical findings.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 33/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Chronic Pain ReductionShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive35% confidenceBy gently stressing connective tissues and promoting relaxation, yin yoga may reduce chronic pain, though evidence is limited.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsstrong effectpositive30% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 3 of 71 Reddit reports discussing it.
3 mentions - →Parasympathetic ActivationCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Mindful breathing alongside Yin Yoga is proposed to shift autonomic balance toward parasympathetic activity; this is a theoretical explanation, not a demonstrated clinical finding.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Parasympathetic ActivationShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceYin Yoga reliably increases vagal tone and shifts autonomic balance toward parasympathetic dominance, especially when combined with mindful breathing.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Joint Health ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticallong-termnot used for recommendations1 other source
Yin Yoga may support joint health by applying gentle, sustained traction to connective tissues, which could help distribute synovial fluid and maintain range of motion in sedentary people.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 40/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Joint Health ImprovementShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive40% confidenceYin Yoga may support joint health by applying gentle, sustained traction to connective tissues, potentially improving synovial fluid distribution and maintaining range of motion in sedentary individuals.
Expert knowledge synthesis
Very low probability(1)
- →Self-Compassion ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies
A quasi-experimental study of 5 people did not support an improvement in self-compassion (SCS: t(4) = -.23, p= .83).
What the sources found
0 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 20/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Self-Compassion ImprovementShow studies (2)
Quasi ExperimentalCneutraln=520% confidence2023SCS (t(4) = -.23, p= .83)
Top journalMain outcomeNo control groupPilot studyCneutraln=520% confidence2023Pre- and post-intervention comparisons were performed on ... self-compassion (Neff Self-Compassion Scale)
Open-labelNo control group
2 more mentioned only by users
What to expect
For Yin Yoga, reported benefits were measured at the end of programmes, rather than after a single session. Trials that found them ran for at least 4 weeks, with the typical programme lasting 5 weeks. These findings describe changes measured over that period, not an immediate response.
Conditions it's used for
Complaints and diagnoses people take it for7 listedThe best we have, but the evidence is still weak
- →DepressionCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
A 2026 randomized trial included 120 people selected for high depression, anxiety, and stress screening scores, but participants were not given clinical diagnoses. A 2018 randomized trial found that Yin yoga alone did not significantly reduce HADS depression scores versus control; only the combined YOMI program did.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Anxiety Disorder
- Depression
Open DepressionShow studies (2)
RCTCn=12050% confidence2026Participants were selected for high depression, anxiety and stress scores on screening instruments (RADS ≥77, BAI ≥16, PSS ≥28); no clinical diagnoses were made.
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlRCTCno effectn=10545% confidence2018Yin yoga alone did not significantly reduce HADS depression scores versus control; only the combined YOMI program produced a significant reduction.
Weak journal32% dropped out - →InsomniaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
In a 2018 randomized trial with 105 participants, Yin Yoga and a combined program both reduced Insomnia Severity Index scores more than the control group.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
2×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open InsomniaShow studies (1)
RCTCn=10565% confidence2018Both Yin yoga and YOMI groups showed significantly greater pre-post reductions in Insomnia Severity Index scores than control.
Weak journal32% dropped out - →Back PainCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Gentle yoga is recommended for chronic low back pain, and Yin Yoga’s supported, low-load holds may be a tolerable option. Trials specifically testing Yin Yoga for back pain are lacking.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Back PainShow studies (1)
Expert opinion30% confidenceGentle yoga is recommended for chronic low back pain. Yin yoga's supported, low-load holds may be a tolerable option, though yin-specific trials are lacking.
- →Chronic Fatigue SyndromeCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Yin Yoga may offer gentle movement for people with ME/CFS and support autonomic regulation without triggering post-exertional malaise when carefully dosed.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Chronic Fatigue SyndromeShow studies (1)
Expert opinion40% confidenceYin Yoga may be a tolerable form of gentle movement for individuals with ME/CFS, supporting autonomic regulation without triggering post-exertional malaise when carefully dosed.
- →Chronic PainCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Yin Yoga’s gentle, sustained stretching and mindfulness may help manage chronic pain by reducing central sensitization and improving fascial mobility, though robust evidence is lacking.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Chronic PainShow studies (1)
Expert opinion35% confidenceYin yoga's gentle, sustained stretching and mindfulness component may help manage chronic pain conditions by reducing central sensitization and improving fascial mobility, though robust evidence is lacking.
- →FibromyalgiaCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Yin Yoga may improve pain tolerance and sleep quality for people with fibromyalgia; its low-impact, nervous-system-regulating nature is the proposed rationale.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open FibromyalgiaShow studies (1)
Expert opinion45% confidenceYin Yoga may help improve pain tolerance and sleep quality in fibromyalgia patients due to its low-impact, nervous-system-regulating nature.
- →PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)CertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Slow, interoceptive yoga may help reduce PTSD symptoms as an adjunct, but the evidence described is for trauma-sensitive yoga broadly, not Yin Yoga specifically.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)Show studies (1)
Expert opinion25% confidenceSlow, interoceptive yoga may help reduce PTSD symptoms as an adjunct. Evidence is for trauma-sensitive yoga broadly, not yin specifically.
Studied only as yoga in general, not tested in yin yoga yet
These results come from studies of yoga as a whole. No study of yin yoga has looked at them yet.
Fatigue Reduction (Medium · 21 trials) · Blood Pressure Support (Medium · 21 trials) · Analgesic Effect (Medium · 19 trials) · Anxiety Disorder (General) (Medium · 17 trials) · Physical Function (Medium · 13 trials) · Cholesterol Level Reduction (Medium · 13 trials) · and 34 more
Side effects
1 listedHighest probability
- →Muscle StrainCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledge1 other source
Holding deep passive stretches for several minutes, especially when forcing range or if you are hypermobile, can overstretch ligaments, joint capsules, or tendons and cause pain or strain.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge1
Open Muscle StrainShow studies (1)
Reference knowledgenegative50% confidenceHolding deep passive stretches for several minutes, especially in hypermobile people or when forcing range, can overstretch ligaments, joint capsules or tendons and cause pain or strain.
Don't do it if
When to skip it or get medical advice first3 listedHighest probability
- →Herniated DiscCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
In acute or unstable disc conditions, sustained spinal flexion and twisting may increase pressure within the disc and irritate nerve roots.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 75/100
Open Herniated DiscRationale
Sustained spinal flexion and twisting in Yin Yoga may increase intradiscal pressure and nerve root irritation in acute or unstable disc conditions.
- →OsteoporosisCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
With severely reduced bone density, forward bending and spinal flexion in some Yin Yoga poses may increase the risk of vertebral fracture.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Confidence
confidence 75/100
Open OsteoporosisRationale
Risk of vertebral fracture from forward bending and spinal flexion in certain Yin Yoga poses if bone density is severely reduced.
- →Acute InjuryCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical
Yin Yoga’s prolonged, deep stretching of connective tissues may aggravate an acute injury when inflammation and tissue fragility are present, potentially worsening damage or delaying healing.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Confidence
confidence 55/100
Open Acute InjuryRationale
Yin yoga's prolonged, deep stretching of connective tissues can aggravate an acute injury where inflammation and tissue fragility are present, potentially worsening the damage or delaying healing.
Also listed for yoga in general (written by our reviewers)
Precautions from the Yoga page. They are for yoga as a whole and may not all fit yin yoga.
When you stop
Rebound and withdrawal after discontinuing1 listedHighest probability
- →Mental FatigueCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalloss of benefit1 other source
Expert knowledge suggests that calming and flexibility gains from regular practice may fade gradually after practice stops.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 1 reportedconfidence 25/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Open Mental FatigueShow studies (1)
Expert opinionnegative25% confidenceCalming and flexibility gains are likely to fade gradually after regular practice stops.
Interactions
Okay to combine with
Highest probability of useful synergy
- →PracticesMeditationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating
Yin Yoga may complement seated Meditation by calming the nervous system and easing somatic tension, which can support mental focus and emotional regulation.
- →PracticesProgressive Muscle RelaxationCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Yin Yoga may complement Progressive Muscle Relaxation by extending muscular tension release and encouraging body awareness.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Open Progressive Muscle RelaxationConfidence
confidence 65/100
- →SupplementsMagnesiumCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Magnesium may support muscle relaxation and make Yin Yoga more physically comfortable, particularly for people with suboptimal magnesium status.
- →PracticesStrength TrainingCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Yin Yoga does not build strength; alongside Strength Training, it can add mobility and recovery while strength work provides the muscular load.
- →PracticesManual Myofascial ReleaseCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Yin Yoga and Manual Myofascial Release both use sustained, gentle pressure targeting connective tissue and fascia; combining them may support tissue hydration and mobility.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Open Manual Myofascial ReleaseConfidence
confidence 40/100
- →PracticesRestorative YogaCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Alternating Yin Yoga with Restorative Yoga may balance gentle stress on connective tissues with fully supported postures and nervous system rest.
- →PracticesYoga NidraCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Following Yin Yoga with Yoga Nidra may deepen relaxation and support sleep onset and quality.
Weakens or is weakened by
Highest probability
- →PracticesHigh-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)CertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Doing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) close to Yin Yoga may create opposing autonomic demands, interfering with parasympathetic activation and reducing the practice’s restorative benefit.
Where the evidence comes from
- Reference knowledge
Open High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)Confidence
confidence 55/100
- →SupplementsCaffeineCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeCompetitive
Caffeine’s stimulant effect may work against the calming aim of Yin Yoga, particularly during an evening session, and may blunt its relaxation and sleep benefits.
How it works
The mechanisms this practice works through2 listed · 0 established- Physiological arousal and stress-related biomarkersParasympathetic nervous system activation / reduced physiological arousalproposed
The authors suggest that improved sleep and anxiety, together with reduced ADM, may reflect reduced physiological arousal, possibly via parasympathetic activation; parasympathetic activity was not directly measured.
- Vagus nerve / parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system activation / vagal activityproposed
Authors suggest yin yoga aims to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, potentially improving vagal tone and reducing anxiety; proposed mechanism is speculative and requires more research on both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Variations
4 documentedTypical protocol
7 protocolsEstimatedAcross every study of this practice, whatever the variation.
60 min · 1.5×/week
- Course
- 6 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Intensity
- Low
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
100% of the corpus contributed
Standard Restorative Yin
Beginner9/1060–120 min · 2 times a week
Standard Restorative Yin
Beginner9/1060–120 min · 2 times a week60–120 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
Use props to support the body rather than hanging into the joints, and leave 1-2 minutes of rest after each hold. The practice cues a dull, deep stretch and advises easing out if sensation is sharp or electric.
Equipment: yoga mat, bolster, yoga blocks, blanket
not in pregnancy
How it's done7 steps · 4 cues · 4 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Set up a quiet, cool space with a mat, bolster, blocks, and a blanket.
- Begin in a comfortable seated position and set an intention for your practice.
- Move into a floor-based posture like Butterfly or Dragon, using props to support the body so muscles can fully release.
- Find your 'edge'—a sensation of deep stretch without sharp or burning pain—and become still.
- Hold the posture for 3 to 5 minutes, breathing slowly and deeply through the nose.
- To exit, gently engage your muscles and slowly move out of the pose, then rest in a neutral position for 1-2 minutes to feel the effects.
- Repeat the hold-and-rest cycle for 4-6 different postures, concluding with a long Savasana.
Cues
- · Soften the muscles completely; imagine them draping off the bones.
- · Let the breath be slow, smooth, and unforced.
- · Sensation should be a dull, deep stretch, never sharp or electric.
- · Use props generously to avoid hanging into joints.
Common mistakes
- Pushing too deep into a stretch, overriding the body's natural limit.
- Fidgeting or adjusting constantly instead of finding stillness.
- Holding tension in the jaw, shoulders, or belly.
- Skipping the rest period between postures.
Mindfulness-Integrated Yin
Intermediate8/1090–120 min · 2 times a week
Mindfulness-Integrated Yin
Intermediate8/1090–120 min · 2 times a week90–120 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- First half of the day
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
During each pose, notice the breath, physical sensations, and emotions without reacting to them; after the pose, briefly note any thought or feeling pattern that arose. The closing reflection connects the session’s theme with the physical practice.
Equipment: yoga mat, bolster, yoga blocks, blanket, journal
not in pregnancy
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Begin with a 15-minute guided mindfulness meditation or psychoeducation topic, such as observing thoughts without judgment.
- Transition to the physical Yin practice, holding floor postures like Sphinx or Caterpillar for 3-5 minutes each.
- During each hold, direct attention to the breath and any arising physical sensations or emotions, practicing non-reactivity.
- After each pose, spend a minute in stillness, journaling a brief observation if a pattern of thought or feeling arose.
- Conclude the asana portion with a 10-minute Savasana.
- End the session with a final 15-minute group discussion or guided reflection integrating the day's theme with the physical experience.
Cues
- · Observe the mind's tendency to resist stillness without engaging with it.
- · Label sensations simply as 'tightness,' 'warmth,' or 'release' without story.
- · The goal is not to empty the mind, but to witness its activity.
Common mistakes
- Treating the psychoeducation as separate from the physical practice.
- Becoming frustrated when the mind wanders; this is part of the process.
- Using the journaling time to plan or ruminate instead of simply noting.
Studied protocols2 on file
- 2×/week· 5 weeks· A repeated coursePMID 28286971
- 2×/week· 5 weeks· n=105· A repeated coursePMID 30020987
Online Guided Yin
Beginner8/1060–120 min · 2 times a week
Online Guided Yin
Beginner8/1060–120 min · 2 times a week60–120 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
Household items such as firm cushions or stacked books can substitute for props. In a live session, the camera can help you check general alignment, and you can use chat—or pause a recording—to ask questions or adjust support if a sensation feels too intense.
Equipment: yoga mat, cushions, books or household items as props
not in pregnancy
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Prepare your space with a mat and household substitutes for props, like firm cushions or stacked books.
- Join the live online session or start the recorded video, ensuring the instructor can be seen and heard clearly.
- Follow the teacher's verbal cues to enter each posture, using the camera to self-check your alignment if desired.
- Hold each pose for the instructed duration, typically 3-7 minutes, focusing on the teacher's breath guidance.
- Use the chat function or pause the recording to ask questions or adjust props if a sensation feels too intense.
- Complete the full sequence as led, ending with a guided final relaxation.
Cues
- · Position your device so the teacher can see your general form if it's a live class.
- · Household props are just as effective; a firm couch cushion is an excellent bolster.
- · Resist the urge to skip the rest periods, even when practicing alone.
Common mistakes
- Ignoring pain signals because a teacher isn't physically present to adjust you.
- Multitasking or checking your phone during long holds.
- Setting up in a space that's too bright, noisy, or warm for a restorative practice.
Studied protocols2 on file
- 120 min· 1×/week· 10 weeks· n=48· A repeated coursePMID 38550540
- 1×/week· 6 weeks· n=20· A repeated coursePMID 34083148
Targeted Lower Body Yin
Intermediate7/1060–90 min · 2 times a week
Targeted Lower Body Yin
Intermediate7/1060–90 min · 2 times a week60–90 min · 2 times a week
Editorial- How often
- 2 times a week
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- Second half of the day
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
Use support under the knees or hips to find a sustainable stretch, and transition slowly into a counterpose such as a seated forward fold. The instructions also cue keeping the front foot flexed in Swan and finishing with a 5-minute Legs-Up-The-Wall pose.
Equipment: yoga mat, bolster, yoga blocks
not in pregnancy
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Begin with a brief centering, then move directly to the first hip-opening posture, such as Swan or Square.
- Use blocks under the knees or hips as needed to find a sustainable 'edge' of sensation.
- Hold the posture for a minimum of 5 minutes, directing slow, deep breaths into any areas of density.
- Transition slowly to a counterpose like a seated forward fold to release the lower back.
- Continue the sequence with other long-held lower-body postures like Dragon, Shoelace, and Caterpillar.
- Conclude with a 5-minute Legs-Up-The-Wall pose to facilitate venous return and complete relaxation.
Cues
- · Time is the active ingredient; resist the urge to deepen the pose, let gravity and time do the work.
- · Focus the exhale on softening the glutes and hip rotators.
- · A sensation of deep 'work' in the joint area is expected, but sharp pain is a signal to back off.
Common mistakes
- Allowing the knee to torque in postures like Swan; keep the front foot flexed and active.
- Collapsing into the lower back instead of maintaining a gentle core engagement.
- Not using enough support, which leads to muscle guarding instead of fascial release.
Studied protocols2 on file
- 60 min· 3×/week· 8 weeks· n=5· A repeated coursePMID 37650853
- 50 min· 1×/week· 4 weeks· n=120· A repeated coursePMID 41968659
How to start
Community experience
Based on 117 public posts from Reddit, YouTube, and Bluesky.
What people report it did
11 outcomes mentioned across 117 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.
Reported benefits9
- Anxiety Reduction31 mentions
- Mood Improvement29 mentions
- Present Moment Awareness17 mentions
- Flexibility Improvement13 mentions
- Stress Resilience Improvement13 mentions
- Emotional Regulation Improvement10 mentions
- Concentration Improvement6 mentionsnot studied
- Sleep Quality Improvement5 mentions
- Self-Awareness Increase5 mentionsnot studied
Reported side effects2
- Joint Pain (Arthralgia)not studied
- Paresthesia (Tingling/Numbness)not studied
What people report doing
Counted from public posts and videos, not from a survey. Each figure counts the posts that mentioned it — most reports say nothing about schedule.
How often3 mentions
Intensity3 mentions
Where4 mentions
When3 mentions
Session lengthas written
References
8 screened · 7 analysed · 8 listed below
Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.
- The Effect of a Yoga-Based Stress Management Program on Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.J Adolesc2026RCTCn=120
- The effect of yin yoga intervention on state and trait anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.Front Psychiatry2024RCTCn=48
- Effects of Yin Yoga on Burden and Self-Compassion in Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: A Pilot Study.J Gerontol Nurs2023Pilot studyCn=5
- A PILOT STUDY OF YIN YOGA AND THE EFFECTS ON BURDEN AND SELF-COMPASSION IN CAREGIVERS OF PERSONS WITH DEMENTIAInnov Aging2023Quasi ExperimentalCn=5
- Impact of a Yin Yoga and meditation intervention on pharmacy faculty and student well-being.J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)2021Pilot studyCn=20
- Five-week yin yoga-based interventions decreased plasma adrenomedullin and increased psychological health in stressed adults: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS One2018RCTCn=105
- Yin yoga and mindfulness: a five week randomized controlled study evaluating the effects of the YOMI program on stress and worry.Anxiety Stress Coping2017RCTC
- Expert knowledge synthesis