Journaling
Expressive Writing
Expressive Writing is a journaling practice examined for possible effects on mood and emotional health. Research includes randomized trials and meta-analyses, but confidence varies by outcome: findings for mood are comparatively more promising than those for anxiety or depressive symptoms.
Expressive Writing is a journaling practice.
Overview
Expressive Writing is a journaling practice examined for possible effects on mood and emotional health. Research includes randomized trials and meta-analyses, but confidence varies by outcome: findings for mood are comparatively more promising than those for anxiety or depressive symptoms. The evidence therefore points to areas of interest rather than a single settled use. Expressive Writing has been explored in mental health contexts, but the findings do not establish it as a treatment for depression or anxiety.
Well researched: 43 studies. Last checked Oct 9, 2026.
- 15
- human evidence
- 11
- eligible
- 7
- unclassified
- 3
- animal / null result
Best-evidenced uses
- Mood ImprovementMedium · RCT
- Social Function ImprovementMedium · Clinical
- Antidepressant EffectLow · RCT
- 43
- Studies
Evidence checked Oct 9, 2026 · newest study 2026
- A
- 3
- B
- 7
- C
- 25
- D
- 8
64 community reports across 3 platforms
Coverage
- Effects
- 23
- Helps with
- 13
- Side effects
- 3
- Interactions
- 4
How to read the evidence
Evidence tier — overall strength of the evidence for the whole compound
- StrongWell established — backed by strong, consistent human research.
- ModerateSome genuine support, but mostly from small or lower-quality studies. Promising, not proven.
- PreliminaryEarly-stage evidence — a promising hypothesis, not an established effect yet.
- LimitedVery limited evidence — treat this as a hypothesis, not proof.
- InsufficientNot enough good evidence to draw conclusions yet.
Certainty — how sure we can be that the effect is real
- Very highVery sure — strong, consistent evidence
- HighFairly sure — consistent evidence from good studies
- MediumModerately sure — new studies could change this
- LowNot sure — little or mixed evidence
- Very lowVery unsure — almost no usable evidence
Source — where the data comes from
- Meta-analysisPooled analysis of many trials — the strongest evidence
- RCTRandomized controlled trial — a strong human study design
- ClinicalA human clinical study
- Reference knowledgeFrom general health-science or pharmacology references, not a study of this exact claim
- Animal researchStudied in animals, not humans
- Community reportsAggregated user reports — anecdotal signal, not evidence
- TheoreticalMechanism-based reasoning, not yet tested
Study grade — quality of each underlying study (A best, D weakest)
- AHigh-quality — strong, consistent human trials
- BGood — solid evidence with some limitations
- CModerate — limited, small, or mixed-quality studies
- DWeak — preliminary, indirect, or animal-only
Confidence — how strongly the sources back a finding
A 0–100 score from study quality and agreement
Most supplement evidence is graded C–D. Read it as preliminary signal, not proof.
These are research findings, not promises. A practice does not replace medical treatment.
What does research say?
What studies found for each claimed effect, best evidence first.
23 claims:1 some evidence1 mixed12 not enough evidence6 not tested in people1 personal stories only2 no benefit found
Social Function ImprovementSome evidence it helpsSize of effect: Not known
Some human studies found a benefit. More research could change this.
All 6 studies with a clear result found a benefit. Strongest study: a systematic review of studies. A trial found it after a single session.
Open the Social Function Improvement pageMood ImprovementMixed resultsSize of effect: Medium
Studies disagree: some found a benefit, others found none. Do not count on it.
11 of 17 studies found a benefit; 6 found none. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
Open the Mood Improvement pageAntidepressant EffectNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
14 of 22 studies found a benefit; 8 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found lower depression scores at follow-up, an effect classified as large. Another meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies also reported improved depression scores.
Open the Antidepressant Effect pageTrauma Symptom ReductionNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
4 of 5 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 7,724 people found a small reduction in trauma symptoms with expressive writing at the longest available follow-up. Another meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies found no effect on PTSD symptoms, so findings differ.
Open the Trauma Symptom Reduction pagePhysical FunctionNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
1 of 2 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported general functioning at g = 0.317, which was not statistically significant. Another review described physical benefits as limited, context-dependent and typically short-term.
Open the Physical Function pageAnxiety ReductionNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
8 of 21 studies found a benefit; 13 found none. Strongest study: a pooled analysis of several trials.
A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved anxiety scores, and a review found short-term anxiety improvements with a variation of written emotional disclosure that were largely maintained at 6 months. However, another meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a negligible, nonsignificant effect among 1,457 people in its anxiety analysis, which remained nonsignificant after removing an extreme outlier; the findings disagree.
Open the Anxiety Reduction pageStress Resilience ImprovementNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
4 of 10 studies found a benefit; 6 found none. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported that perceived stress scores fell from 50.88 to 31.70 among 58 people in its outcome analysis. In contrast, a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 838 people found no effect on post-intervention stress, so the findings disagree.
Open the Stress Resilience Improvement pageSleep Quality ImprovementNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
1 of 2 studies found a benefit; 1 found none. Strongest study: a randomized controlled trial.
In a randomized trial of 147 people, sleep quality progressively worsened in the CG group and progressively improved in the BF group. The finding describes change over the study period, rather than a specific amount of improvement.
Open the Sleep Quality Improvement page
Only reported by users, not studied: Present Moment Awareness and Emotional Processing Support.
What to expect
Some outcomes, including mood and social functioning, have been reported after a single session, but this does not mean everyone will experience them. Trials finding mood improvement ran for 0.4 to 3 weeks; trials finding an antidepressant effect or anxiety reduction typically ran for 4 weeks, with earliest findings in trials lasting 0.4 and 2 weeks, respectively. Mood swings were reported in programmes of 5 weeks.
Also studied in people with 13 health conditions
How strong the evidence is in each group. This is research, not a treatment recommendation.
Breast CancerNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
5 of 6 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
Research has included breast cancer survivors and patients receiving chemotherapy. A trial in Chinese American breast cancer survivors assessed quality of life, but the reported finding does not describe the direction of the result.
Open the Breast Cancer pageDepressionNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
4 of 6 studies found a benefit; 2 found none.
An exploratory analysis suggested expressive writing may help women with mild to moderate depression, but this result requires replication. A school-based trial found reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents without reported clinical diagnoses, framing the writing program as preventive rather than treatment for diagnosed depression.
Open the Depression pagePTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
1 of 2 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
A network meta-analysis pooling 44 randomized trials found that expressive writing improved PTSD symptoms compared with a waiting list control.
Open the PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) pageCancer (General)Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
3 of 4 studies found a benefit; 1 found none.
In patients with HNC receiving radiotherapy, a trial found improvements in anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. A separate trial in cancer survivors selected for psychological well-being support found improved depression and anxiety compared with usual care.
Open the Cancer (General) pageEating Disorder (General)Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
Open the Eating Disorder (General) pageCOVID-19Not enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A quasi-experimental study of 118 asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in Fangcang Hospitals found improved mood states and prevention of deterioration in mental health.
Open the COVID-19 pageFibromyalgiaNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
Research has enrolled people with fibromyalgia and assessed pain and psychological outcomes, but the reported finding does not say whether these outcomes improved.
Open the Fibromyalgia pageHIV/AIDSNot enough evidence
Too few or too small studies to know if it works.
The one study found a benefit.
A trial tested the practice in 84 newly diagnosed people with HIV; the reported finding does not describe its effects, and the study did not assess contraindications.
Open the HIV/AIDS page
Before you try it
What studies and reports say about side effects and who it may not suit.
- Side effects
With weak evidence: Mood Swings, Anxiety Increase, and Mental Fatigue.
- May not suit you if you have
- Acute Injury
- Reported by users
- Emotional Blunting and Rebound Depression
General wellness information, not medical advice. Ask a doctor before you start, especially if you take medicines or have a health condition.
How people do it
A gentle start, then what the studies used.
- Start with
- 3 minutes (Brief Single-Exposure Writing)A gentle start based on the easiest variation, not on a study.
- What the studies ran
- 4 weeks
- Longest session studied
- 10 minutes (Brief Single-Exposure Writing)Not a target and not a safe limit: past it there is no evidence either way.
The expert view shows every study, dose protocol and source.
Effects
23 listedStart here
Most likely to help, from the evidence we have
- →Mood ImprovementCertaintyMediumSourceRCTModerate effect16 cited studies · 2 other sources
A pooled analysis of randomized trials found that expressive writers who used more positive emotion words reported higher emotional well-being scores three months after the intervention than writers who used more negative emotion words (β = 1.87 [95% CI 0.33, 3.42], p = 0.02; 68 people in this outcome's analysis). However, a review of at-home written emotional disclosure found short-term emotional disruption without consistent long-term psychological benefit.
What the sources found
12 positive · 6 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
Moderate effectA clear difference on average.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
- COVID-19
- Eating Disorder (General)
- Fibromyalgia
- Leukemia
- +3 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article16
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
9 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Per week
- 65 min
- Format
- Individual
Courses and single sessions · 7 repeated-course and 2 single-session protocols
What worked in trials4 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical Session 10 min 20 min How often 1×/week 7×/week Trials that found no benefit ran2 trials and meta-analyses
Smallest Typical Session 3 min 9 min Timing
A trial found it after a single session
Trials that found it ran as little as 0.4 weeks, typically 3
Open Mood ImprovementShow studies (18)
Systematic reviewBneutraln=144455% confidence2024negative affect scores (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI [−0.24, 1.27], Z = 1.33, p = 0.18)
SMD 0.51 [-0.24, 1.27]Moderate effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagreeOpen-labelSystematic reviewBpositiven=28840% confidence2019Expressive writers who used more positive emotion words reported higher scores on emotional well-being (β = 1.87 [95% CI 0.33, 3.42], p = 0.02) three months post-intervention compared to those who used more negative emotion words
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)75% dropped outSystematic reviewCneutraln=247730% confidence2026Three studies examined at-home written emotional disclosure... These studies revealed a pattern of short-term emotional disruption without consistent long-term psychological benefit.
Top journalStudies disagree52% dropped outSystematic reviewCneutraln=144625% confidence2026Holliday et al. did not observe significant changes in emotional exhaustion (25.69 to 24.46), depersonalization (9.99 to 9.97), or personal accomplishment (34.76 to 33.66) following the online NEW program.
Weak journalStudies disagree1103% dropped outSystematic reviewCpositive60% confidence2025Most consistent benefits were found for wellbeing and positive affect outcomes (e.g., optimism, happiness)
Weak journalMain outcome+12 more in SourcesRCTBneutraln=56470% confidence2018Evaluation of expressive writing for postpartum health: a randomised controlled trial.
Intent-to-treat analyses showed no significant differences between women in the expressive writing, control writing and normal care groups on measures of physical health, anxiety, depression, mood or quality of life at 1 and 6 months.
Top journalMain outcomeOpen-label34% dropped out
Low probability(19)
- →Trauma Symptom ReductionCertaintyLowSourceMeta-analysisSmall effectconflicting findings4 cited studies · 1 other source
A meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 7,724 people found a small reduction in trauma symptoms with expressive writing at the longest available follow-up (SMD = −0.43, 95% CI −0.65 to −0.21). Another meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies found no effect on PTSD symptoms, so findings differ.
What the sources found
4 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 59/100
How big is the effect
Small effectA small but noticeable difference on average.
Rating adjusted
Lowered from Medium to Low after checking study quality: journal, risk of bias, trial size and design.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Breast Cancer
- PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article4
- Expert opinion1
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 0.4 weeks
- Per week
- 140 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Self-guided
Courses and single sessions · 1 repeated-course and 1 single-session protocols
Timing
A trial found it after a single session
Open Trauma Symptom ReductionShow studies (5)
Meta-analysisApositiven=772485% confidence2022EW, EW+, PT, and NW were statistically significantly more efficacious than WL at the longest available follow-up, with SMDs (95% CI) of −0.78 (−1.10 to −0.46) for PT, −0.81 (−1.02 to −0.61) for EW+, −0.43 (−0.65 to −0.21) for EW, and −0.37 (−0.61 to −0.14) for NW.
SMD -0.43 [-0.65, -0.21]Small effectTop journalHigh risk of biasPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 68%)Main outcomeMeta-analysisBneutral60% confidence2026had no effect on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms; instrument not named in abstract
Systematic reviewCpositiven=144640% confidence2026Procaccia et al. reported significant reductions in post-traumatic stress symptoms (F = 13.725, p = 0.002), depressive symptoms (F = 6.123, p = 0.028), and SCL-90-R Global Severity Index (F = 5.232, p = 0.03) in the EW group compared with controls. Lower scores on these symptom scales are improvemen
Weak journal1103% dropped outRCTCpositiven=5560% confidence2021ptsd symptoms reduced significatively only in EW group (ptsd × writing condition F = 13.725, p = 0.002)
Weak journalMain outcomeOpen-labelExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing may produce small to moderate reductions in trauma-related symptoms, particularly when writing about traumatic events.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Antidepressant EffectCertaintyLowSourceRCTTrivial effect21 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found lower depression scores at follow-up (SMD = -0.82, 95% CI: -1.40 to -0.24, P = 0.006), an effect classified as large. Another meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies also reported improved depression scores.
What the sources found
15 positive · 8 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 52/100
How big is the effect
Trivial effectReal in studies, but too small for most people to notice.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Anxiety Disorder (General)
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
- COVID-19
- Depression
- Eating Disorder (General)
- +7 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article21
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
7 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Format
- Individual
A repeated course
What worked in trials7 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical Session 20 min How often 1×/week 4×/week Per week 20 min 85 min Trials that found no benefit ran4 trials and meta-analyses
Smallest Typical Session 15 min 20 min Course 0.4 weeks 2 weeks Timing
A trial found it after a single session
Trials that found it ran as little as 0.4 weeks, typically 4
Open Antidepressant EffectShow studies (23)
Meta-analysisAneutraln=155860% confidence2023We found no statistically significant difference between the two prompts in different populations (both p > 0.10).
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 99%)Systematic reviewBneutraln=144460% confidence2024depression scores (MD = −0.66, 95% CI [−1.78, 0.47], Z = 1.14, p = 0.25)
MD -0.66 [-1.78, 0.47]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelMeta-analysisBpositiven=83850% confidence2026follow-up depression demonstrated a statistically significant effect (SMD = -0.82, 95% CI: -1.40 to -0.24, P = 0.006)
SMD -0.82 [-1.4, -0.24]Large effectTop journalPooled RCTsSystematic reviewBneutraln=28865% confidence2019Combined analysis from three studies (n=183) showed no statistically significant effect of EW on depression (SMD = 0.02 [95% CI -0.27, 0.31], I^2=0%)
SMD 0.02 [-0.27, 0.31]Trivial effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)Main outcome75% dropped outToo small to detect itMeta-analysisBpositive70% confidence2026EW significantly improved ... depression... instrument not named in abstract; a decrease in symptom score is an improvement
+17 more in SourcesSystematic reviewCpositiven=247725% confidence2026Graham et al. () found that participants who engaged in structured anger-focused writing over a 9-week period reported reduced depressed mood and greater perceived control over pain
Top journal52% dropped out - →Physical FunctionCertaintyLowSourceRCTSmall effect2 cited studies
A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported general functioning at g = 0.317, which was not statistically significant. Another review described physical benefits as limited, context-dependent and typically short-term.
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 48/100
How big is the effect
Small effectA small but noticeable difference on average.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Eating Disorder (General)
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
Open Physical FunctionShow studies (2)
Meta-analysisApositive65% confidence2023Do expressive writing interventions have positive effects on Koreans?: a meta-analysis.
General functioning (g = 0.317) ... not statistically significant.
SMD 0.32 [0.17, 0.46]Small effectWeak journalSystematic reviewCneutraln=247730% confidence2026Health effects were modest, context-dependent and typically short-term, with small reductions in pain and improvements in psychological well-being but limited physical benefits.
Top journal52% dropped out - →Anxiety ReductionCertaintyLowSourceRCTconflicting findings20 cited studies · 2 other sources
A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported improved anxiety scores, and a review found short-term anxiety improvements with a variation of written emotional disclosure that were largely maintained at 6 months. However, another meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized human studies found a negligible, nonsignificant effect among 1,457 people in its anxiety analysis (r = -.05, p = .57), which remained nonsignificant after removing an extreme outlier (r = -.10, p = .08); the findings disagree.
What the sources found
9 positive · 13 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 49/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Anxiety Disorder (General)
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
- COVID-19
- Eating Disorder (General)
- Female Infertility
- +5 more
Where the evidence comes from
- Article20
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
4 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
What worked in trials3 trials and meta-analyses
Randomized trials and meta-analyses that found this benefit: the smallest and the typical amount. Not a target and not a limit.
Smallest Typical Session 10 min 15 min How often 1×/week 4×/week Trials that found no benefit ran7 trials and meta-analyses
Smallest Typical Session 3 min 20 min Course 0.4 weeks 3 weeks Timing
Trials that found it ran as little as 2 weeks, typically 4
Open Anxiety ReductionShow studies (22)
Meta-analysisAneutraln=155860% confidence2023We found no statistically significant difference between the two prompts in different populations (both p > 0.10).
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 99%)Meta-analysisBneutraln=145755% confidence2026Single-session expressive writing interventions for test anxiety: a meta-analysis.
Our meta-analysis found only a negligible, nonsignificant effect of expressive writing on anxiety (r = -.05, p = .57), an effect that remained nonsignificant after an extreme outlier was removed (leading to r = -.10, p = .08).
Studies disagreeMain outcomeSham comparisonSystematic reviewBneutraln=144460% confidence2024Anxiety scores (MD = 0.43, 95% CI [−0.77, 1.63], Z = 0.70, p = 0.48)
MD 0.43 [-0.77, 1.63]Weak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-labelMeta-analysisBneutraln=83835% confidence2026Pooled analysis showed that EWI was not effective in reducing post-intervention anxiety and stress
Top journalPooled RCTsMain outcomeSystematic reviewBneutraln=28855% confidence2019Two studies (n=121) showed no statistically significant effect on anxiety (MD = -0.10 [95% CI -2.46, 2.26]; MD = -0.72 [95% CI -2.06, 0.62])
MD -0.1 [-2.46, 2.26]Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)Main outcome75% dropped out+16 more in SourcesMeta-analysisBpositive70% confidence2026EW significantly improved ... anxiety... instrument not named in abstract; a decrease in symptom score is an improvement
- →Stress Resilience ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceRCTTrivial effectconflicting findingslong-term10 cited studies
A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported that perceived stress scores fell from 50.88 to 31.70 among 58 people in its outcome analysis (p < 0.05; d = 0.88). In contrast, a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 838 people found no effect on post-intervention stress, so the findings disagree.
What the sources found
4 positive · 6 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
Trivial effectReal in studies, but too small for most people to notice.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Cancer (General)
- Female Infertility
- Preterm Birth
Where the evidence comes from
- Article10
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
38 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Format
- Mixed
A repeated course
Trials that found no benefit ran4 trials and meta-analyses
Smallest Typical Session 3 min 20 min Timing
A trial found it after a single session
Open Stress Resilience ImprovementShow studies (10)
Meta-analysisAneutraln=155860% confidence2023We found no statistically significant difference between the two prompts in different populations (both p > 0.10).
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 99%)Meta-analysisBneutraln=83835% confidence2026Pooled analysis showed that EWI was not effective in reducing post-intervention anxiety and stress
Top journalPooled RCTsMain outcomeSystematic reviewBneutraln=28860% confidence2019Combined analysis from three studies (n=183) showed no statistically significant effect of EW on distress (SMD = -0.03 [95% CI -0.32, 0.26], I^2=0%)
SMD -0.03 [-0.32, 0.26]Trivial effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)75% dropped outToo small to detect itSystematic reviewCpositiven=144630% confidence2026Holliday et al. reported a significant reduction in perceived stress, with mean stress scores decreasing from 50.88 to 31.70 (p < 0.05; d = 0.88). The stress scale instrument is not named in the review text.
SMD -0.88Large effectWeak journalStudies disagree1103% dropped outSystematic reviewCneutral50% confidence2025less consistent effects were reported for ... psychological health (e.g., stress, anxiety)
Weak journalStudies disagree+4 more in SourcesRCTBpositiven=56475% confidence2018Evaluation of expressive writing for postpartum health: a randomised controlled trial.
Women in the expressive writing group rated their stress as significantly reduced after completing the task.
Top journalOpen-label34% dropped out - →Sleep Quality ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalTrivial effect2 cited studies · 1 other source
In a randomized trial of 147 people, sleep quality progressively worsened in the CG group and progressively improved in the BF group. The finding describes change over the study period, rather than a specific amount of improvement.
What the sources found
2 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 52/100
How big is the effect
Trivial effectReal in studies, but too small for most people to notice.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer (General)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 4 weeks
- Per week
- 20 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Sleep Quality ImprovementShow studies (3)
Systematic reviewBneutraln=28860% confidence2019Combined analysis from three studies (n=183) showed no statistically significant effect of EW on sleep (SMD = -0.12 [95% CI -1.51, 1.26], I^2=65%)
SMD -0.12 [-1.51, 1.26]Trivial effectTop journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)Main outcome75% dropped outToo small to detect itRCTCpositiven=14770% confidence2025The sleep quality in the CG progressively worsened from T0 to T1 (p<0.01), whereas in the BF, it progressively improved (p<0.01).
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlCompleters onlyCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
2 mentions - →Emotional Regulation ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies · 2 other sources
A randomized trial of 26 people found that alexithymia levels on TAS-20-F2 decreased only in the expressive writing group at T1. A case series of 4 people also reported an increase in self-regulation (β = 1.75, 95% CI [0.16, 3.34], p = 0.03, Cohen's dz = 1.17).
What the sources found
6 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 41/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Rating adjusted
Lowered from Medium to Low after checking study quality: journal, risk of bias, trial size and design.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- ADHD
- Breast Cancer
- Kidney Disease (General)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article4
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
40 min · 4×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Emotional Regulation ImprovementShow studies (6)
RCTCpositiven=2660% confidence2022levels of alexithymia, as seen in TAS-20-F2, decreased only in the expressive writing group at T1
Weak journalMain outcomeSham-controlledCompleters only26% dropped outQualitativeDpositiven=2430% confidence2025The coach-guided expressive writing program enhanced the emotional processing and articulation, coping mechanisms, and overall well-being of the participants.
Open-labelNo control groupQualitativeDpositiven=1430% confidence2026Theme 'personal strength through meaning-making': participants gained cognitive clarity and reframed trauma as a source of resilience and hope; mapped to the post-traumatic growth framework as a secondary lens.
Top journalCase seriesDpositiven=435% confidence2026Significant increases were observed for... self-regulation (β = 1.75, 95% CI [0.16, 3.34], p = 0.03, Cohen's dz = 1.17)
MD 1.75 [0.16, 3.34]Weak journalOpen-labelNo control groupBorderline p-valueExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceRegular expressive writing enhances emotional processing and regulation by promoting cognitive reappraisal and narrative coherence.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive40% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 5 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
5 mentions - →Analgesic EffectCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
A review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies reported modest short-term reductions in pain intensity with expressive writing protocols centered on emotional disclosure, across conditions including Fibromyalgia, Lupus and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
What the sources found
1 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
Open Analgesic EffectShow studies (2)
Meta-analysisAneutraln=155855% confidence2023Overall health, pain, PILL, physical symptoms and health visits under the two writing conditions were not statistically significantly different (all p > 0.20).
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 99%)Systematic reviewCpositiven=247735% confidence2026Expressive writing protocols centred on emotional disclosure have shown modest short-term reductions in pain intensity across several conditions.
Top journalStudies disagreeMain outcome52% dropped out - →Fatigue ReductionCertaintyLowSourceClinical3 cited studies
In a quasi-experimental study of 118 people, fatigue scores were lower in the expressive writing group than in the control group. Another quasi-experimental study of 23 people found a non-significant change in fatigue-inertia (-2.43 (6.06) from T1 to T3).
What the sources found
1 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 42/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer (General)
- COVID-19
- Leukemia
Where the evidence comes from
- Article3
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 1.1 weeks
- Per week
- 140 min
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Fatigue ReductionShow studies (3)
Systematic reviewBneutraln=28850% confidence2019Two studies (n=121) showed no statistically significant effect on fatigue (MD = -0.10 [95% CI -3.01, 2.81]; MD = -2.20 [95% CI -5.49, 1.09])
MD -0.1 [-3.01, 2.81]Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)75% dropped outQuasi ExperimentalCpositiven=11850% confidence2022the score of TMD, tension, anger, depression + confusion, and fatigue in the EW group were lower than those in the control group
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control groupCompleters only52% dropped outQuasi ExperimentalDneutraln=2325% confidence2022Sex Differences in the Outcome of Expressive Writing in Parents of Children With Leukaemia.
Fatigue-inertia: -2.43 (6.06) change from T1 to T3, non-significant.
MD -2.43Open-labelNo control groupCompleters only - →Kidney Health SupportCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A 2022 trial involving 26 people with kidney disease reported that the CDK-EPI level at discharge was higher in the expressive-writing group than in the control group.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 60/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Kidney Disease (General)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 0.4 weeks
- Per week
- 140 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Kidney Health SupportShow studies (1)
RCTCpositiven=2660% confidence2022the CDK-EPI level on the discharge day (T1) in the expressive writing group was significantly higher compared to the control group
Weak journalMain outcomeSham-controlledCompleters only26% dropped out - →Cognitive Function ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceClinicalconflicting findingsnot used for recommendations3 cited studies · 2 other sources
A randomized trial of 20 people found shorter RTs in the experimental group than in the control group, with large effect sizes. A meta-analysis pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies found that the effect on test performance was initially significant (r = .09, p = .02) but became nonsignificant after removing an extreme outlier (r = .06, p = .06); the findings disagree.
What the sources found
3 positive · 2 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 46/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Anxiety Disorder (General)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article3
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
30 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Per week
- 30 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Best neutral/negative study outranks the best positive study
Open Cognitive Function ImprovementShow studies (5)
Meta-analysisBneutraln=145735% confidence2026Single-session expressive writing interventions for test anxiety: a meta-analysis.
The effect on test performance was initially significant (r = .09, p = .02) until an extreme outlier was removed (leading to r = .06, p = .06).
Studies disagreeSham comparisonRCTCpositiven=2060% confidence2020the experimental group’s RTs were significantly shorter than the control group’s. The effect sizes were large.
Weak journalMain outcomeOpen-labelInactive controlCompleters onlyQuasi ExperimentalCneutraln=28460% confidence2021exam scores did not differ after students completed the expressive-writing (M=73%) or control-writing task (M=74%), t(172)=0.37, p=0.72, d=0.03, BF01=11.04
SMD 0.03Trivial effectTop journalMain outcomeOpen-labelCompleters onlyToo small to detect itExpert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing enhances working memory and executive function.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
2 mentions - →Self-Awareness IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study · 1 other source
A case series of 4 people with ADHD reported increased self-awareness (β = 1.50, 95% CI [0.13, 2.87], p = 0.04, Cohen's dz = 1.16).
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 40/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- ADHD
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Animal or in-vitro evidence only
Open Self-Awareness IncreaseShow studies (2)
Case seriesDpositiven=435% confidence2026Significant increases were observed for self-awareness (β = 1.50, 95% CI [0.13, 2.87], p = 0.04, Cohen's dz = 1.16)
MD 1.5 [0.13, 2.87]Weak journalOpen-labelNo control groupBorderline p-valueExpert opinionpositive45% confidenceRegular expressive writing can enhance self-reflection and insight into emotional patterns.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Rumination ReductionCertaintyLowSourceAnecdotalnot used for recommendations2 other sources
Expert knowledge proposes that expressive writing may reduce repetitive negative thinking by facilitating emotional processing and cognitive restructuring. In community reports, this effect was mentioned in 8 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
What the sources found
2 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Rumination ReductionShow studies (2)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing reduces repetitive negative thinking by facilitating emotional processing and cognitive restructuring.
Expert knowledge synthesisCommunity reportsmoderate effectpositive50% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 8 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
8 mentions - →Sleep Onset ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Expert guidance suggests that expressive writing, especially before bedtime, may reduce presleep cognitive arousal and improve sleep onset latency and subjective sleep quality.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Sleep Onset ImprovementShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing, especially before bedtime, improves sleep onset latency and subjective sleep quality by reducing presleep cognitive arousal.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Working Memory ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Expert guidance proposes that expressive writing may improve working memory capacity by reducing intrusive thoughts and cognitive load.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Working Memory ImprovementShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing can improve working memory capacity by reducing intrusive thoughts and cognitive load.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Immune System SupportCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticalnot used for recommendations1 other source
Expert knowledge suggests that expressive writing may improve immune function, including antibody response to vaccination and illness-related doctor visits.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
No supporting study on file
Open Immune System SupportShow studies (1)
Expert opinionpositive50% confidenceExpressive writing improves immune function, including increased antibody response to vaccination and reduced illness-related doctor visits.
Expert knowledge synthesis - →Loneliness ReductionCertaintyLowSourceTheoreticallong-term1 cited study
In a qualitative, coach-guided expressive-writing program, 24 participants reported reduced loneliness and a greater sense of community. These are participants’ reports, rather than a measured treatment effect.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 30/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
60 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 10 weeks
- Per week
- 60 min
- Format
- Mixed
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Loneliness ReductionShow studies (1)
QualitativeDpositiven=2430% confidence2025Participants reported reduced feelings of loneliness, a greater sense of community, and profound positive changes.
Open-labelNo control group - →Gratitude ImprovementCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In a qualitative study of 14 participants with Breast Cancer, participants described developing gratitude and appreciation for life through self-reflection during the writing intervention.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 30/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Breast Cancer
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
15 min
- Course
- 6 weeks
- Format
- Self-guided
A repeated course
Open Gratitude ImprovementShow studies (1)
QualitativeDpositiven=1430% confidence2026Theme 'appreciation of life': participants developed gratitude and appreciation for life through self-reflection during the writing intervention.
Top journal - →Creativity BoostCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In a qualitative study, 7 participants described positive changes in creativity alongside changes in well-being, connection with others, and willingness to share.
What the sources found
1 positive · 0 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 25/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Open Creativity BoostShow studies (1)
QualitativeDpositiven=725% confidence2025Evaluating an expressive writing program in supporting military women's transition to civilian life.
Positive changes were found for the following outcomes: connection with others, well-being, creativity, empowerment of voice, and willingness to share.
No control group
Very low probability(2)
- →Nutrient Deficiency ReplenishmentCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A 2025 trial of 147 patients with cancer found that, after 4 weeks of intervention, nutritional status was not significantly affected (p>0.05). The studies did not support nutrient replenishment.
What the sources found
0 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 70/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer (General)
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Nutrient Deficiency ReplenishmentShow studies (1)
RCTCneutraln=14770% confidence2025After 4 weeks of intervention, patients in the BF and NW groups experienced improvements in anxiety, depression, and sleep (p<0.05) compared with those in the CG group, but the intervention did not significantly affect patients' nutritional status (p>0.05).
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlCompleters only - →Fertility ImprovementCertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A 2025 trial involving 90 participants found no significant differences among study groups in the number of ova or embryos formed. The studies did not support fertility improvement.
What the sources found
0 positive · 1 neutral · 0 negativeconfidence 50/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Female Infertility
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Fertility ImprovementShow studies (1)
RCTCneutraln=9050% confidence2025In terms of treatment success, there were no significant differences among the study groups in the number of ovum and the number of embryos formed.
Weak journalOpen-labelInactive control
2 more mentioned only by users
What to expect
Some outcomes, including mood and social functioning, have been reported after a single session, but this does not mean everyone will experience them. Trials finding mood improvement ran for 0.4 to 3 weeks; trials finding an antidepressant effect or anxiety reduction typically ran for 4 weeks, with earliest findings in trials lasting 0.4 and 2 weeks, respectively. Mood swings were reported in programmes of 5 weeks.
Conditions it's used for
Complaints and diagnoses people take it for13 listedThe best we have, but the evidence is still weak
- →PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)CertaintyLowSourceMeta-analysis2 cited studies
A network meta-analysis pooling 44 randomized trials found that expressive writing improved PTSD symptoms compared with a waiting list control.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Eating Disorder (General)
- PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Open PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)Show studies (2)
Meta-analysisAno effect50% confidence2023Do expressive writing interventions have positive effects on Koreans?: a meta-analysis.
Discussion notes that EW may not be helpful for individuals with very severe trauma or psychological disorders, citing previous studies.
Weak journalMeta-analysisAn=772485% confidence2022Network meta-analysis of 44 RCTs showing significant improvement in PTSD symptoms with expressive writing compared to waiting list control.
Top journalHigh risk of biasPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 68%) - →Breast CancerCertaintyLowSourceRCT6 cited studies
Research has included breast cancer survivors and patients receiving chemotherapy. A trial in Chinese American breast cancer survivors assessed quality of life, but the reported finding does not describe the direction of the result.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer (General)
Open Breast CancerShow studies (6)
Meta-analysisB70% confidence2026Review population is patients with breast cancer, including survivors and patients receiving chemotherapy.
RCTCn=13640% confidence2026Study population was Chinese American breast cancer survivors; the practice was tested for QOL in this group.
Top journalRCTCno effectn=8260% confidence2022RCT showing no significant improvement in QoL or self-care self-efficacy, only temporary QoL benefit at 2 weeks.
Weak journalBlinded assessorInactive controlCompleters onlyNarrative reviewCn=352730% confidence2025Expressive writing interventions in patients with cancer: A scoping literature review.
Most included studies (71.4%) enrolled patients with breast cancer; the review reports positive associations mainly in this population.
No control groupQualitativeDn=2530% confidence2026Participants were breast cancer survivors who had completed active treatment and described benefits of facilitated expressive writing for psychosocial support; qualitative self-report only.
No control groupQualitativeDn=1425% confidence2026Qualitative interviews with rural breast cancer survivors who reported EW helped with survivorship distress and rural-specific challenges; no comparison group.
Top journal - →DepressionCertaintyLowSourceRCT6 cited studies
An exploratory analysis suggested expressive writing may help women with mild to moderate depression, but this result requires replication. A school-based trial found reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents without reported clinical diagnoses, framing the writing program as preventive rather than treatment for diagnosed depression.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Rating adjusted
Lowered from Medium to Low after checking study quality: journal, risk of bias, trial size and design.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Anxiety Disorder (General)
- Depression
Protocol behind this outcome
2 protocolsMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
15 min
- Course
- 0.4 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Self-guided
A repeated course
Open DepressionShow studies (6)
RCTBn=56440% confidence2018Evaluation of expressive writing for postpartum health: a randomised controlled trial.
Exploratory moderator analyses suggested expressive writing may be more effective in women with mild to moderate depression, but this requires replication.
Top journalOpen-label34% dropped outRCTBn=28540% confidence2026Depressive symptom reduction in a school-based, non-clinical adolescent sample; the authors frame PPEW as a preventive intervention, with no clinical diagnosis reported.
Weak journalBlinded assessorSham comparisonCompleters onlyRCTCn=83350% confidence2023Among participants who wrote longer essays, AEEW outperformed control and tEW on depression symptoms at 2-week follow-up; main effect was not significant.
Weak journalOpen-labelRCTCno effectn=38840% confidence2023Study 2 targeted users with depression (DASS group) but found limited evidence for negative emotion downregulation; the distraction was not consistently positive.
Top journalOpen-labelCompleters onlyRCTCno effectn=15450% confidence2025RCT showing no significant difference in EPDS scores between expressive writing and control groups.
Top journalOpen-labelRCTCn=11540% confidence2026Study population selected for mental health disparities and elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms; RECLAIM was designed to target these symptoms.
Open-label - →Eating Disorder (General)CertaintyLowSourceRCTTrivial effect1 cited study
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found a reduction in eating disorder symptoms (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.34, -0.05]).
How big is the effect
Trivial effectReal in studies, but too small for most people to notice.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Eating Disorder (General)
Open Eating Disorder (General)Show studies (1)
Systematic reviewBn=144470% confidence2024Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs showing significant reduction in eating disorder symptoms (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.34, -0.05]).
SMD -0.2 [-0.34, -0.05]Small effectWeak journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsOpen-label - →Cancer (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical4 cited studies
In patients with HNC receiving radiotherapy, a trial found improvements in anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. A separate trial in cancer survivors selected for psychological well-being support found improved depression and anxiety compared with usual care.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Cancer (General)
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 4 weeks
- Per week
- 20 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Cancer (General)Show studies (4)
Systematic reviewBno effectn=28860% confidence2019Meta-analysis of four RCTs showed no significant effect on sleep, depression, anxiety, or distress compared to active control.
Top journalSome bias concernsPooled RCTsStudies disagree (I² 65%)75% dropped outRCTCn=14770% confidence2025RCT showing improvements in anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in HNC patients during radiotherapy.
Top journalBlinded assessorInactive controlCompleters onlyRCTCn=12055% confidence2026Participants were cancer survivors selected for psychological well-being support; depression and anxiety improved versus usual care.
Top journalOpen-labelInactive controlRCTCn=4030% confidence2026Study population was AYA cancer survivors; intervention targeted their psychosocial needs. Clinical efficacy was not tested.
Top journalSham-controlled28% dropped out - →COVID-19CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A quasi-experimental study of 118 asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in Fangcang Hospitals found improved mood states and prevention of deterioration in mental health.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- COVID-19
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 1.1 weeks
- Per week
- 140 min
- Format
- Group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open COVID-19Show studies (1)
Quasi ExperimentalCn=11860% confidence2022Quasi-experimental study showing significant improvement in mood states (BPOMS) and prevention of deterioration in mental health (IMHPS) among asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in Fangcang Hospitals.
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control groupCompleters only52% dropped out - →FibromyalgiaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
Research has enrolled people with fibromyalgia and assessed pain and psychological outcomes, but the reported finding does not say whether these outcomes improved.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Open FibromyalgiaShow studies (1)
Systematic reviewCn=247725% confidence2026Several included RCTs of written emotional disclosure enrolled fibromyalgia patients with pain and psychological outcomes.
Top journal52% dropped out
Low probability(5)
- →HIV/AIDSCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A trial tested the practice in 84 newly diagnosed people with HIV; the reported finding does not describe its effects, and the study did not assess contraindications.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- HIV/AIDS
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
30 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 8 weeks
- Per week
- 30 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open HIV/AIDSShow studies (1)
RCTCn=8440% confidence2026Study population of newly diagnosed people with HIV in whom the intervention was tested; no contraindication assessed.
Blinded assessorInactive control - →Kidney Disease (General)CertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
An RCT in 26 kidney transplant patients found improvements in psychological health, adherence, and renal function.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Kidney Disease (General)
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
20 min · 7×/week
- Course
- 0.4 weeks
- Per week
- 140 min
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Kidney Disease (General)Show studies (1)
RCTCn=2660% confidence2022RCT showing improvements in psychological health, adherence, and renal function in kidney transplant patients
Weak journalSham-controlledCompleters only26% dropped out - →LeukemiaCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study
A pilot study in 23 people with leukemia found the writing program feasible, with potential mood improvements that were not statistically significant overall.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Leukemia
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
30 min
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open LeukemiaShow studies (1)
Quasi ExperimentalDn=2330% confidence2022Sex Differences in the Outcome of Expressive Writing in Parents of Children With Leukaemia.
Pilot study showing feasibility and potential mood improvements, though non-significant overall.
Open-labelNo control groupCompleters only - →ADHDCertaintyLowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations1 cited study
A single-arm case series used the practice to target emotional and socio-emotional difficulties in 4 participants with a clinical ADHD diagnosis; the reported finding does not state whether those difficulties improved.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- ADHD
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
120 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 7 weeks
- Per week
- 120 min
- Format
- Small group
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Animal or in-vitro evidence only
Open ADHDShow studies (1)
Case seriesDn=430% confidence2026Participants were selected for a clinical diagnosis of ADHD with emotional and socio-emotional difficulties; the intervention targeted these difficulties. Single-arm case series.
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control group - →Multiple SclerosisCertaintyLowSourceTheoretical1 cited study
In a qualitative study, adults with multiple sclerosis who completed a 10-week coach-guided expressive writing program reported better emotional processing, coping, acceptance, and empowerment.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Multiple Sclerosis
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolMeasuredWhat the studies reporting this result did.
60 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 10 weeks
- Per week
- 60 min
- Format
- Mixed
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Multiple SclerosisShow studies (1)
QualitativeDn=2525% confidence2025Qualitative study of 25 adults with MS who completed a 10-week coach-guided expressive writing program; participants reported improved emotional processing, coping, acceptance, and empowerment.
Weak journalOpen-labelNo control group
Very low probability(1)
- →Anxiety Disorder (General)CertaintyVery lowSourceClinicalnot used for recommendations2 cited studies
Pooled randomized and non-randomized human studies did not support a reduction in test anxiety from a single session of expressive writing.
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- Healthy people and patients
- Anxiety Disorder (General)
Why it isn't used for recommendations
Studied, with no positive result
Open Anxiety Disorder (General)Show studies (2)
Meta-analysisBno effectn=145755% confidence2026Single-session expressive writing interventions for test anxiety: a meta-analysis.
Single-session expressive writing showed no nonsignificant effect on test anxiety in pooled data.
Sham comparisonQuasi ExperimentalCno effectn=28460% confidence2021Expressive writing did not reduce test anxiety or improve exam performance in college students with test anxiety.
Top journalOpen-labelCompleters only
Side effects
3 listedHighest probability
- →Mood SwingsCertaintyLowSourceClinical2 cited studies
Among people with fibromyalgia, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, a review of randomized and non-randomized human studies found short-term increases in emotional distress, negative mood or affect after written emotional disclosure. A separate study of 23 people found worsening mood scores.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 2 reportedconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Rating adjusted
Lowered from Medium to Low after checking study quality: journal, risk of bias, trial size and design.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article2
Protocol behind this outcome
1 protocolEstimatedWhat the studies reporting this result did.
30 min
- Course
- 5 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
Open Mood SwingsShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewCnegativen=247745% confidence2026Short-term emotional distress, negative mood or affect increase after written emotional disclosure
Top journal52% dropped outQuasi ExperimentalDnegativen=2345% confidence2022Sex Differences in the Outcome of Expressive Writing in Parents of Children With Leukaemia.
Increase in POMS scores (worsening mood)
Open-labelNo control groupCompleters only - →Anxiety IncreaseCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 2 other sources
A systematic review pooling randomized and non-randomized human studies found short-term increases in emotional distress, negative mood, or negative affect after written emotional disclosure; the studies included people with fibromyalgia, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 3 reportedconfidence 45/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Expert opinion1
- Community reports1
Open Anxiety IncreaseShow studies (3)
Systematic reviewCnegativen=247745% confidence2026Short-term emotional distress, negative mood or affect increase after written emotional disclosure
Top journal52% dropped outExpert opinionnegative70% confidenceImmediately after writing, participants often experience a temporary increase in anxiety and negative affect, which typically resolves within hours.
Community reportsnegative20% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 7 YouTube videos discussing it.
- →Mental FatigueCertaintyLowSourceClinical1 cited study · 1 other source
Among people with fibromyalgia, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, a review of randomized and non-randomized human studies reported emotional strain or fatigue from writing tasks.
What the sources found
0 not observed · 0 unclear · 2 reportedconfidence 35/100
How big is the effect
No study gave a number we could compare, so the size is not known.
Who was studied
- People with a condition
- Fibromyalgia
- Lupus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Where the evidence comes from
- Article1
- Community reports1
Open Mental FatigueShow studies (2)
Systematic reviewCnegativen=247745% confidence2026Emotional strain or fatigue from writing tasks
Top journal52% dropped outCommunity reportsnegative25% confidenceThis effect was mentioned in 2 of 56 Reddit reports discussing it.
Don't do it if
When to skip it or get medical advice first1 listedHighest probability
- →Acute InjuryCertaintyLowSourceReference knowledgeTheoretical
Writing about a very recent traumatic event (within 1-2 weeks) may worsen distress if not guided by a clinician.
Who the trials left out
Some trials of this practice did not take people with these conditions, so the studies say less about them. This is not a warning and does not show harm. Ask a clinician first.6 listedLeft out by one trial each (6)
- Coronary Artery Diseaseleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Depressionleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Diabetes (General)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)left out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Mild Cognitive Impairmentleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
- Psychosisleft out by 1 trial
PubMed links (1)
Interactions
Okay to combine with
Highest probability of useful synergy
- →PracticesCognitive ReframingCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgePotentiating
Cognitive Reframing may complement Expressive Writing by encouraging adaptive reinterpretation of negative experiences and supporting emotional processing.
- →PracticesGratitude JournalCertaintyMediumSourceReference knowledgeComplementary
Gratitude Journal may complement Expressive Writing by balancing negative emotional processing with positive affect, with the aim of supporting overall well-being.
- →PracticesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)CertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalPotentiating
Combining Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with Expressive Writing may reinforce cognitive restructuring and exposure, with the proposed aim of greater symptom reduction.
Where the evidence comes from
- Expert opinion
Open Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Confidence
confidence 55/100
- →PracticesMeditationCertaintyMediumSourceTheoreticalComplementary
Mindfulness meditation before Expressive Writing may increase emotional awareness and acceptance, potentially deepening the writing’s therapeutic impact.
How it works
The mechanisms this practice works through11 listed · 0 established- Causal links and insightCognitive processingproposed
EW increased the use of causal terms and insight words, enhancing participants' ability to establish causal links between life events and be introspective.
- Causal understandingCognitive processingproposed
Expressive writing increased use of causal words, suggesting cognitive changes and meaning-making.
- Emotional distressEmotion regulationproposed
EW may reduce emotional distress, which in turn reduces the need for skin-picking.
- Integration of traumatic experiences into coherent narrativesCognitive processing and narrative reconstructionproposed
Participants described writing as helping them integrate and reframe cancer experiences; the authors link this to cognitive processing, but the paper does not measure any physiological or cognitive mechanism.
- Negative feelings and associated thoughtsExposure/habituationproposed
Repeated confrontation with negative feelings may lead to extinction of those feelings and associated thoughts.
- Positive emotion word useEmotional expressionproposed
Greater use of positive emotion words was associated with improved emotional well-being.
- Positive emotionsEmotional regulationproposed
PW emphasizes writing down positive emotions, coping strategies, future expectations, and goals to improve well-being and deal with negative emotions.
- Stress reduction and cognitive reappraisalInhibitory and cognitive processesproposed
WED reduces inhibitory behaviors and chronic stress, allowing individuals to reassess negative experiences and emotions associated with eating disorders, thereby reducing symptoms.
- emotional expression and meaning-makingpsychological processingproposed
Participants described writing as enabling expression of emotions and meaning-making, including posttraumatic growth and spiritual reintegration, as perceived in interviews.
- negative emotionspositive distractionproposed
The application generates images from user narratives to distract users from negative emotions during writing.
- processing of traumatic professional eventsemotion regulation and meaning-makingproposed
Qualitative themes shifted in meaning across writing sessions, interpreted by authors as processing of emotions and self-reflection
Variations
5 documentedTypical protocol
39 protocolsEstimatedAcross every study of this practice, whatever the variation.
20 min · 2×/week
- Course
- 4 weeks
- Format
- Individual
Courses and single sessions · 25 repeated-course and 7 single-session protocols
89% of the corpus contributed
Classic Pennebaker Expressive Writing
Beginner9/1015–20 min · Daily
Classic Pennebaker Expressive Writing
Beginner9/1015–20 min · Daily15–20 min · Daily
Editorial- How often
- Daily
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
This format centers on unstructured emotional disclosure about one stressful or traumatic experience, including how it affected relationships and sense of self. Writing is private and continuous rather than edited for an audience.
No equipment needed.
How it's done8 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Find a quiet, private space where you will not be interrupted.
- Set a timer for 15 to 20 minutes.
- Choose a single stressful or traumatic experience that you have not fully discussed with others.
- Write continuously about your deepest emotions and thoughts regarding this experience.
- Do not worry about grammar, spelling, or sentence structure.
- Explore how this event has affected your life, relationships, and sense of self.
- Stop writing when the timer goes off, even if you are mid-sentence.
- Close the notebook and take a few deep breaths before returning to your day.
Cues
- · Let the words flow without editing
- · Tie the event to your emotions, not just facts
- · Write for yourself, not for an audience
Common mistakes
- Editing or censoring thoughts while writing
- Stopping early because the topic feels uncomfortable
- Focusing only on facts without exploring feelings
Studied protocols3 on file
- 20 min· 7×/week· 0.4 weeks· n=55· A repeated coursePMID 33716890
- 15 min· 7×/week· 0.6 weeks· n=60· A repeated coursePMID 41484961
- n=1446· Single sessionsPMID 42072957
Positive Future-Focused Writing
Beginner8/1015–20 min · Weekly
Positive Future-Focused Writing
Beginner8/1015–20 min · Weekly15–20 min · Weekly
Editorial- How often
- Weekly
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Morning
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
Rather than revisiting a difficult event, this approach has you picture and describe a best-possible future, including goals, relationships, feelings, and steps that could lead there.
No equipment needed.
How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Choose a comfortable time and place for writing.
- Set a timer for 15 to 20 minutes.
- Imagine your life in the future where everything has gone as well as possible.
- Write about this best possible future self in vivid detail.
- Describe the goals you have achieved, the relationships you have, and how you feel.
- Reflect on the steps you took to reach that future.
- Write continuously without stopping to edit or judge.
Cues
- · Use present tense to make the future feel real
- · Include sensory details (what you see, hear, feel)
- · Focus on what you want, not what you fear
Common mistakes
- Writing about what you don't want instead of what you do want
- Being too vague or abstract
- Spending too much time planning instead of writing
Studied protocols4 on file
- 20 min· 1×/week· 6 weeks· n=285· A repeated coursePMID 41595060
- 20 min· n=1558PMID 37434395
- Single sessionsPMID 40397857
- n=2477PMID 41699922
Coach-Guided Expressive Writing
Intermediate7/10supervision recommended30–60 min · Weekly
Coach-Guided Expressive Writing
Intermediate7/10supervision recommended30–60 min · Weekly30–60 min · Weekly
From studies- How often*
- Weekly
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors or outdoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
A coach or teaching artist supplies themed prompts and leads check-ins, breathing exercises, and reflection, adding external structure to the writing. Sessions are typically weekly and 60.0 minutes long.
No equipment needed.
As studied
3 protocolsEstimatedThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
30–60 min · 1×/week
- Course
- 10 weeks
- Per week
- 60 min
- Format
- Mixed
- Supervision
- Instructor-led
A repeated course
How it's done7 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Join the scheduled session led by a writing coach or teaching artist.
- Participate in the opening check-in and brief breathing exercise.
- Receive the writing prompt or theme for the session.
- Write for the designated period, typically 12 to 20 minutes.
- Focus on the emotional disclosure or cognitive reappraisal prompt provided.
- Optionally share your writing or reflections with the group.
- Participate in the closing discussion or reflection.
Cues
- · Follow the coach's guidance even if it feels unfamiliar
- · Use the breathing exercise to settle into a writing mindset
- · Engage with the prompt rather than writing about whatever comes to mind
Common mistakes
- Skipping the breathing exercise and rushing into writing
- Ignoring the prompt and writing about unrelated topics
- Comparing your writing to others in the group
Studied protocols3 on file
- 60 min· 1×/week· 10 weeks· n=25· A repeated coursePMID 40427941
- 30 min· 5 weeks· n=23· A repeated coursePMID 36397745
- 4 weeks· n=120· A repeated coursePMID 41539978
Brief Single-Exposure Writing
Beginner6/103–8 min · As needed
Brief Single-Exposure Writing
Beginner6/103–8 min · As needed3–8 min · As needed
Editorial- How often
- As needed
- Intensity
- Low
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
This is a short, one-time exercise focused on a specific upcoming stressor or recent worry, rather than broader life events. The instructions caution against extending the writing into rumination or treating it as a substitute for longer-term processing when needed.
No equipment needed.
As studied
3 protocolsMeasuredThe protocol the studies of this variation actually used.
10 min
- Course
- 2 weeks
- Format
- Individual
- Supervision
- Self-guided
Courses and single sessions · 1 repeated-course and 1 single-session protocols
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Identify a specific upcoming stressor or recent worry.
- Set a timer for 3 to 8 minutes.
- Write about your worries and feelings regarding this specific event.
- Write continuously without stopping.
- Do not worry about grammar or structure.
- Stop when the timer goes off.
Cues
- · Be specific about the worry, not general anxiety
- · Write quickly to match the speed of your thoughts
- · Focus on the immediate concern, not your entire life
Common mistakes
- Writing for too long and turning it into a rumination session
- Trying to solve the problem instead of just expressing feelings
- Using this as a replacement for longer-term processing when needed
Studied protocols4 on file
- 10 min· 7×/week· 2 weeks· n=132· A repeated coursePMID 37732151
- 8 min· n=284PMID 34114117
- 3 min· n=388· Single sessionsPMID 36636309
- n=1457· Single sessionsPMID 40968670
Online Group Expressive Writing
Beginner5/1020–30 min · Daily
Online Group Expressive Writing
Beginner5/1020–30 min · Daily20–30 min · Daily
Editorial- How often
- Daily
- Intensity
- Moderate
- Time of day
- Any time
- Where
- Indoors
- Research depth
- Minimal
This format combines personal writing with sharing reflections about a common experience in an online peer community. It adds a social dimension, but peer feedback is not guaranteed, and sharing personal details can raise privacy concerns.
Equipment: Computer or smartphone, Internet connection
How it's done6 steps · 3 cues · 3 common mistakes
A general description of the practice, not instruction or medical advice.
Steps
- Join a moderated online group or virtual community focused on expressive writing.
- Read the group guidelines and privacy expectations.
- Write about your deep feelings regarding the shared experience or topic.
- Post your writing to the group platform.
- Read and engage with peers' writing respectfully.
- Reflect on the communal experience without expecting feedback from researchers or moderators.
Cues
- · Remember that the group is for expression, not critique
- · Maintain privacy boundaries for yourself and others
- · Engage with the community, but prioritize your own writing
Common mistakes
- Over-sharing personal details that compromise privacy
- Expecting therapeutic feedback from peers
- Comparing your experience to others and feeling invalidated
Studied protocols2 on file
- 20 min· 7×/week· 1.1 weeks· n=118· A repeated coursePMID 36687963
- 14×/week· 2 weeks· n=154· A repeated coursePMID 40211420
How to start
Community experience
Based on 64 public posts from Reddit, YouTube, and Bluesky.
What people report it did
9 outcomes mentioned across 64 public reports. A report often mentions several, so these counts do not add up to the total.
Reported benefits7
- Anxiety Reduction12 mentions
- Mood Improvement11 mentions
- Rumination Reduction8 mentions
- Antidepressant Effect6 mentions
- Present Moment Awareness6 mentionsnot studied
- Emotional Processing Support6 mentionsnot studied
- Emotional Regulation Improvement5 mentions
Reported side effects2
- Emotional Bluntingnot studied
- Rebound Depressionnot studied
References
45 screened · 43 analysed · 44 listed below
Studies and sources cited on this page. Evidence quality varies — check the grade on each.
- Do expressive writing interventions have positive effects on Koreans?: a meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry2023Meta-analysisA
- Efficacy of expressive writing versus positive writing in different populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Nurs Open2023Meta-analysisAn=1558
- Comparative efficacy and acceptability of expressive writing treatments compared with psychotherapy, other writing treatments, and waiting list control for adult trauma survivors: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Psychol Med2022Meta-analysisAn=7724
- The effect of expressive writing intervention for patients with reproductive trauma on anxiety, depression and stress: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth2026Meta-analysisBn=838
- Single-session expressive writing interventions for test anxiety: a meta-analysis.Anxiety Stress Coping2026Meta-analysisBn=1457
- Effects of Expressive Writing on Psychosocial Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Oncol Nurs Forum2026Meta-analysisB
- Writing the Past, Present, and Future: The Impact of Positive Psychology Expressive Writing on Adolescents' Time Attitudes.Behav Sci (Basel)2026RCTBn=285
- Effectiveness of written emotional disclosure interventions for eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Nutr2024Systematic reviewBn=1444
- Expressive writing as a therapeutic intervention for people with advanced disease: a systematic review.BMC Palliat Care2019Systematic reviewBn=288
- Evaluation of expressive writing for postpartum health: a randomised controlled trial.J Behav Med2018RCTBn=564
Show all 44 references
- The Use of Expressive Writing in Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies.2026Systematic reviewCn=1446
- Write to heal: the impact of an expressive writing intervention on stress in first-year nursing students.2026Quasi ExperimentalCn=60
- Writing about the disrupted self: a randomized controlled trial of a structured online expressive writing intervention for bereaved Chinese adults.2026RCTCn=66
- Optimizing Feasibility and Acceptability of an Online Expressive Writing Intervention for Survivors of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer: A Pilot Randomized Trial of Iterative Modifications and Outcomes.2026RCTCn=40
- Testing pre-task expressive writing as an emotional-offloading strategy in evaluative L2 writing.2026RCTCn=207
- AI-Enhanced Versus Clinician-Guided Expressive Writing for Improving Psychological Well-Being in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2026RCTCn=120
- Moderating Effects of Social Determinants of Health on Quality of Life in Expressive Writing Interventions Among Chinese American Breast Cancer Survivors.2026RCTCn=136
- Therapeutic Writing Interventions for Adults With Chronic Pain: Experiences and Health Effects-A Systematic Review With a Narrative Synthesis.2026Systematic reviewCn=2477
- Healing from within: A randomized controlled trial of a novel expressive writing intervention among trans and gender expansive adults.2026RCTCn=115
- Effects of Reappraisal and Self-Compassion Expressive Writing on Emotion Regulation.2026RCTCn=66
- Expressive writing intervention on optimism and coping modes of newly diagnosed people with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized controlled trial.2026RCTCn=84
- Expressive writing interventions in patients with cancer: A scoping literature review.2025Systematic reviewCn=3527
- The Effect of Expressive Writing on the Experiences of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2025RCTCn=147
- The impact of expressive writing of deep feelings about labor experiences on postpartum depression: a randomized clinical controlled trial.2025RCTCn=154
- Positive expressive writing interventions, subjective health and wellbeing in non-clinical populations: A systematic review.2025Systematic reviewC
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Expressive Writing and Relaxation on Mental Health and Treatment Success in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2025RCTCn=90
- Exploring the use of AI text-to-image generation to downregulate negative emotions in an expressive writing application.2023RCTCn=388
- Chasing elusive expressive writing effects: emotion-acceptance instructions and writer engagement improve outcomes.2023RCTCn=833
- Reduction of Pathological Skin-Picking Via Expressive Writing: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2023RCTCn=132
- Effectiveness of Expressive Writing in Kidney Transplanted Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.2022RCTCn=26
- Effectiveness of online expressive writing in reducing psychological distress among the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in Fangcang Hospitals: A quasi-experiment study.2022Quasi ExperimentalCn=118
- Effects of Structured Expressive Writing on Quality of Life and Perceived Self-Care Self-Efficacy of Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in Central China: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2022RCTCn=82
- Benefits of Expressive Writing on Healthcare Workers' Psychological Adjustment During the COVID-19 Pandemic.2021RCTCn=55
- Does expressive writing or an instructional intervention reduce the impacts of test anxiety in a college classroom?2021Quasi ExperimentalCn=284
- Training Positive Rumination in Expressive Writing to Enhance Psychological Adjustment and Working Memory Updating for Maladaptive Ruminators.2020RCTCn=20
- Writing the Unspeakable: Breast Cancer Survivors' Experiences of Expressive Writing as Psychosocial Support.2026QualitativeDn=25
- Expressive Writing and Self-Care in Palliative Care Professionals: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study.2026QualitativeDn=10
- Therapeutic Writing in a Group Setting for Girls with ADHD: A Case Series on Self-Perception, Self-Esteem, and Socio-Emotional Functioning.2026Case seriesDn=4
- Navigating rural challenges and promoting posttraumatic growth via expressive writing: a qualitative study among rural breast cancer survivors.2026QualitativeDn=14
- Assessing the Psychosocial Impact of Expressive Writing on Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: Qualitative Study.2025QualitativeDn=24
- Exploring the Therapeutic Role of Coach-Guided Videoconferencing Expressive Writing in Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study.2025QualitativeDn=25
- Evaluating an expressive writing program in supporting military women's transition to civilian life.2025QualitativeDn=7
- Sex Differences in the Outcome of Expressive Writing in Parents of Children With Leukaemia.2022Quasi ExperimentalDn=23
- Expert knowledge synthesis